Unlocking the Secrets of Plastic Injection Mold Design: Best Practices and Design Guides

We find ourselves on a quest to uncover the true potential within the realm of world-class manufacturing and plastic injection mold design. Unlike a regular blog post, this one seeks to address the core fundamentals of a successful plastic mold in a more comprehensive and practiced manner. So, whether you are an industry veteran or simply someone starting out, this article holds the potential to ramp up your knowledge and mold design proficiency.We’ll start by covering the application of the modular and DFM molding practices, to assist you in gaining an accurate understanding of the molding process and its use cases. Following that, we will take a look at several methods aimed to keep wall thickness identical, as well as challenges related to that and even material selection for more accurate outcomes.However, our coverage in this article will not be constrained to just that. We’ll equally focus on additional considerations that include but are not limited to drafting angles, chunky parts, and ejector angles in more detail. Then, we’ll move on to tracing the complex structure of mold flow simulations to fit the ideal shape for better material circulation and ultimately achieve a more seamless injection molding process.

What is Plastic Injection Mold Design?

The complex engineering and meticulous modeling of a specific and precise plastic injection mold that is utilized in the injection molding procedure is known as. The correct flow of material, part quality and injection molding efficiency is guaranteed through the designed engineering of the plastic parts to be manufactured.

Molding injectors gets it’s name from the process that any molten plastic material gets injected into the mold cavity and allowed to settle. This particular method is employed in case of mass production of plastic products. A design created has a direct effect on the resulting product that is in terms of quality and production efficiency.

The difference between a mold that is able to function efficiently is solely based on their design features such as shape, draft angles, wall thickness, gate design, cooling channels, and ejection. These features can be optimized to make the entire plastic injection molding process more productive, thus allowing by ensuring it is milled with a uniform ragged edge. Our goal is to maximize the overall productivity of the injection molding process.

Automotive parts, consumer goods, medical goods, packaging and other items are produced using hard shell injection molded goods. Complex intricate shapes are cost effective to hollow plastic components and are now being mass produced using an injection molding process.

To conclude, it can be said that in the whole sequence of operations of plastic injection molding, the plastic injection mold design is a process of utmost importance. It is the ability to design molds that permit appropriate plastic part production processes. The combination of a careful analysis of already existing basic and additional parameters together with best practice proves invaluable to achieving the targeted quality, price, and the best possible technology.

Defining the Injection Mold Process

The injection molding technique forms a manufacturing process that provides accuracy in creating the components with the aid of plastic materials. It consists in injecting a material that is in a molten state into a mold cavity and is shaped into the part which is desired. This process has different stages which include – the design of the mold, choice of materials, configuration of the injection molding machine, and post-processing of the assembled component. This technique is widely adopted across several industries, such as automobile, consumer industries, and the electronics industry, for bulk production of intricate plastic components. Knowledge of this procedure enables part quality enhancement and cost-saving measures to be carried out, resulting in the excellence of the manufacturing processes.

The Importance of Mold Design

In the manufacture of injection milk with plastic, the design of molds is essential. It has a bearing on the quality of the component, its manufacturability as well as efficiency of production. A properly designed mold guarantees properly fitted final molded parts with specifications. Such aspects as part geometry, wall thickness, material flow, cooling, and ejection are taken into account. On the other hand, by improving the mold design, it is possible to minimize the defects during the bulking molding, reduce the costs, and get a high and consistent quality. The results of the productive activities of the enterprise can best be achieved if an effective mold design system is employed.

Applications of Molded Parts

Molded parts are widely used across different industries because they are flexible, strong, and cost-effective. Some of the following areas where molded parts are employed include:

1. Automotive: Components made from molding are critical in the automotive industry with examples being interior automotive trim, exterior trim components, different parts of a vehicle like an engine including dashboard panels as well as door handles.
2. Consumer Goods: The production of molded parts is applied for a number of consumer goods. These goods include electronics, appliances, toys and utensils such as containers, bottles and other forms of packing.
3. Medical and Healthcare: Molded components can be found in a number of medical devices and equipment, including components like syringes and IV gear, surgical tools, prosthetics and drug delivery systems or devices.
4. Electronics: Within the electronics sector, molded parts are utilized in the assembly of connectors, switches, casings and housing parts for smartphones, computers, home appliances and many other devices.
5. Industrial Equipment: Molded parts are used in the production of various industrial equipment such as machinery parts, pipes, valves and fittings.
6. Aerospace and Defense: Molded parts are used in the aerospace and defense industries to manufacture components related to air-crafts, equipment related to defence and vehicles related to military.
7. Packaging: Within the packaging sector molded parts are used widely like in making bottles, caps, closures and containers.
8. Construction: Within construction, molded parts on the other hand find application in pipes and fittings, insulation and other architectural materials.

This is only one illustration of the vast regions in which molded parts are utilized. Molded parts are useful in any sector because of their ability to be designed and engineered in any way or with any material which enhances a multitude of products and systems.

How to Ensure Uniform Wall Thickness in Mold Design?

Challenges in Maintaining Wall Thickness

There are notable difficulties in the design of molds that have to do with maintaining uniform wall thickness. These difficulties include the following:

1. Flow Imbalances : Achieving an evenly distributed plastic flow concerning the mold has its challenges which then leads to the alteration of the molds wall thickness. The flow and balance of thickness uniformity of a mold can be disrupted with factors such as a gate, runner and a set temperature for the mold.
2. Cooling Variations: A lack of proper cooling can unevenly solidify a mold causing the walls to varying thickness. Inconsistent temperatures during the making of the mold can lead to warping, sinking and even dimensional alterations which would greatly damage the mold.
3. Material Selection: Each material that is used has different properties concerning rheological and the rate at which it grabs flow. To ensure that there is an even thickness in the wall of the molded material, it is important to understand the material to be used appropriately.
4. Part Geometry Complexity: Using complex geometry-shaped ribs and bosses creates difficulties in maintaining a uniform wall thickness. These complexities can be resolved with the appropriate design and proper processing techniques.

In order to address the aforementioned issues, mold designers incorporate approaches such as the gate, runner or cooling channel optimization. Meshing techniques can assist in flow management by predicting and optimizing flow patterns in order to achieve a constant wall thickness. Furthermore, working hand in hand with material and process engineers is essential for solving problems and ensuring that the intended uniformity of wall thickness in a mold design is attained.

Strategies for Consistent Plastic Flow

Factors influencing the design of the mold are fundamental in obtaining an even plastic flow throughout the mold. To achieve this, the following approaches can be employed:

1. Optimize Gate Placement: Critical to the reduction of flow problems, such as flow hesitation or non-uniform filling, this positioning is done through the placement of strategically assigned gates.
2. Runner Design: Helps in achieving the uniform plastic flow by maintaining low pressure loss within the runner and a good injection velocity distribution to the molded parts. The size, length and shape of the runner have to be calculated in order to get appropriate flow conditions.
3. Cooling Channels: The formation of such walls is possible only if the flow of a polymer through the die is stopped before the melt has completely cooled down. It is effective to use cooling channels and appropriate polymer flow rates to reduce the temperature as quickly as required.

If these approaches are utilized by mold designers, the flow of plastic material in the injection molding process can be improved and the uniformity of thickness of the molds’ walls can be achieved. Attention should especially be paid to the interaction of mold designers, materialors and process engineers as challenges in parameters dimensioning and design flow consistencies arise.

Impact of Material Selection on Uniform Wall

The correctness of wall thickness is strongly influenced by the material factor in plastic injection molding. This will most likely determine quite simply the character of the flow of the plastic material during injection. To ensure uniformity of the wall thickness, one has to consider the following factors when choosing the material:

1. Viscosity: The viscosity of the material affects its flow behaviour. Lower viscosity materials generally flow better and are more evenly distributed to achieve the wall thickness. In these aspects, a proper choice of material regarding viscosity should be made according to the geometry of the specific part.
2. Melt Flow Index (MFI): MFI calculates how easily a melted material can be made to flow. The higher the MFI value number, the more the material is of good flowability, which may help in machining for a more uniform wall thickness. MFI is such a study that informs the flow property of the units from when MFI is different for different materials used for anaerobic processing.
3. Shrinkage: Shrinkage is the shortening in dimension of the material as it cools and solidifies. If the shrinkage values are high in material and hence not optimally considered in the part and mold design, there can be non-uniformities in the wall thickness. Furthermore, the choice of material will have to take into account the shrinkage properties to achieve such uniformity.
4. Material Properties: Any distinct material will invariably have its own set of characteristics and an ability to behave in an unusual flow. The unfavorable effect on the uniformity of wall thickness might emerge due to some materials having higher chances of quick solidification, leading to an inconsistent flow. Therefore, materials capable of good flow behavior and consistent flow rate are required to be selected.

These elements – viscosity, MFI, shrink, and flow – are important in molding design and can help achieve precise wall thickness in plastic injection molding in working with the right material. Equal emphasis must also be given to the collaboration between the mold designers, material experts, and process engineers in tackling the problems.

What Are the Key Considerations for Part Design in Plastic Injection Molding?

Understanding Part Geometry

Having knowledge of how the part geometry looks like is one of the key aspects in the designing Procedure of a mold that can manufacture better quality parts though the process is recursive in plastic injection molding. Part geometry includes the shape, size and physical features of the plastic part under fabrication. Factors like the area ratio, wall thickness, surface finish, dimensions, undercuts and complex shapes are included in it.

Mold filling, cooling, and ejection require thorough work and precise planning, especially for the gates and part that would be created, as it would greatly need to match the part geometry for the mold. This would, in turn, aid mold designers in identifying the perfect locations to cut the gates, optimal runner systems, and positions to drill for cooling channels. The result of this would be filling the cavity evenly and cooling the plastic efficiently to get the final part of the desired standards.

In addition to that, knowing what the part geometry looks like can assist in determining the obstacles and problems that are likely to occur in the course of the molding operation. Making corrections to these considerations during the design stage allows mold designers to cut down the rate of defects and production complications and improve efficiency of the mold design.

A combination, part geometry understanding is of great importance for every proposed and carried plan for a successful process injection molding of plastic components. Also, it permits the mold designers to detail and make plans on designing part with pinpoint accuracy while ensuring the same efficiency and quality is maintained.

The Role of Draft Angles in Injection Mold Design

Draft angles are an equally important addition to any injection mold design and serve one single purpose in the injection molding process: helping the molded part to be removed from the mold cavity without any difficulty. Draft angles guarantee the mold designer that the part will not weld into the cavity.

Draft angles are slanted surfaces from the vertical walls of the mold cavity or core. The demolding process is simplified by making enough space for components to come out easily. The part finish angle is governed by several parameters such as material, geometry, and texture of the component. In excessive angles, the part may embedded itself or rub against the mold which has possible side effects. If the angle is too large there can be unwelcomed cosmetic effects or weakness to the structure of the part.

Draft angles are indispensable and must be integrated for the smooth ejection of parts and injection mold design as a whole. A proper integration of draft angles aids in the mitigation of production problems, increasing one’s productive capabilities and standardizing the quality of parts. For an optimal mold design and perfect smooth demolding of parts, sketchers must put in the due diligence to examine and integrate the corresponding draft angles.

Managing Undercuts and Ejectors in Mold Design

Being a mold designer, I pay attention to undercuts and ejector systems, which are an integral part of the work carried out. Undercuts are parts designed into components that make it difficult to remove the component from the mold without the use of tools or special mechanisms. To mitigate undercuts features such as side actions, slides, or lifters can be added to the mold. These components provide the movement needed to disengage the part and the mold without damaging the part. Furthermore, ejector mechanisms are also of great importance in mold design since they apply the necessary force to remove the part from the mold cavity. Through proper styling and application of a good ejector system, prompt and adequate ejection is reached thus reducing the chances of cosmetic defects or compromise of structural integrity. Mold designers seek to manage undercuts and provide the relevant ejector systems so as to enhance the optimal design of the mold to achieve the goals of efficient and reliable part ejection and qualitative uniformity of the components.

How to Optimize Mold Flow and Plastic Flow?

Analyzing Mold Flow with CA D Tools

Mold flow analysis is deemed as an important task during the process of plastic injection mold optimization. CA D Tools is one of the essential tools for this task as engineers can use it to visualize the motion of molten plastic within the mold cavity. Based on the design parameters and thermal properties of the material, CA D Tools assists in predicting the behavior of plastic in molding processes in terms of its flow, cooling, and solidification. This analysis helps in ascertaining a problem area of concern, such as air traps, sink marks, or warping . This, in turn, aids designers in making the necessary alterations and theoretically perfects the mold, thus ensuring quality and cost-effective parts. With the help of CA D Tools, engineers are able to gather intelligence regarding the mold flow in detail, and through in-depth analysis, iterations that tend to be expensive are minimized in addition to making injection molding effective and dependable.

Designing for Effective Material Flow

Besides software programs and design methods, engineers can facilitate greater material flow through the mold cavity, which further ensures rewards in regard to part quality and manufacturability. Here are five ways to enhance plastic injection mold design in order to maximize material efficiency.

1. Gate Placement and Design: Strategically positioning a gate minimizes flow restrictions which controls the stream of molten plastic and promotes balanced filling. Doing so, reduces possibility of sin marks or air trap formation.
2. Runner System Design: Optimizing runner systems enhances the shape or arrangement of sprues to ensures appropriate flow rates, with width and spacing guaranteeing cooling without the risk of over-filling.
3. Wall Thickness and Uniformity: An ideal plastic injection molding process ensures uniform thickness around the item’s perimeter. Setting a standard ratio reduces the chance of uneven cooling, sin marks, and morphing.
4. Material Selection– Every plastic material has a different flow ability. It is important to consider the requirements of the part including the type of plastic material and the injection molding process in making the selection. Take note of the viscosity, melt temperature, and shear sensitivity to enhance the material flow and overall quality of the part.
5. Design Analysis and Simulation– With the help of CADD Tools, designers and engineers can use the sophisticated design tools to conduct simulation and gauge the behavior of plastic during the molding process. This helps designers in foreseeing and correcting issues at an early stage during the design process, thus making optimally designed molds with better material flow.

As noted above, with the application of these recommendations and advanced software for design, engineers are able to accommodate favorable material flow during the making of plastic injection molds. This ensures better quality on the parts produced, greater efficiency during production and better manufacturing results.

Improving Injection Molding Process Efficiency

Improvements in the injection molding process require considering a series of optimization measures, namely mold design optimization, amalgamation of design with moldflow analysis, and provision of design leverage.

Design for Manufacturability:

• Injectable molds require a specific design that considers factors such as part geometry, draft angles, and wall thickness, which can ease the molding process. Such an approach falls under ‘Design for Manufacturability principles’ which strongly considers these factors and others to alleviate the production of defects in the injection molds. Moreover, the use of appropriate materials and efficiency production can be bolstered by engineers who design easily moldable parts.

Integration of Design Analysis and Mold Flow:

• The amalgamation of a mold and structural designer alongside flow simulations in the injection process can significantly enhance the effectiveness of the injection molding machinery. Engineers can optimize the process by evaluating and predicting the flow patterns of molten plastics in the cavity using sophisticated design analysis and simulation toolsets. Early detection of potential design flaws promotes optimization in the design and machining of the mold. Enhanced quality and reduced production issues are experienced due to the integration of these components.

Using Design Tools for Optimal Results:

• For engineers working on plastic injection mold design, design guides can be useful. With such guides, the highest standards of the industry, as well as suggestions and standards for ideal design solutions, can all be found. As a result, the mold engineering method is optimized by following these design guides, leading to a simpler manufacturing process, and better quality of the finished parts.

With the application of the aforementioned recommendations and the state-of-the-art design programs, the specialists tend to use, it is possible to increase the efficiency of the injection molding technology quite substantially. It results in better part quality, boosted the profitability of parts production, and overall outputs of the manufacturing initiatives.

What are the Best Practices for Design for Manufacturing (DFM) in Plastic Injection Mold Design?

Ensuring Design for Manufacturability

Design for manufacturability comes hand in hand with the molds design processes for it facilitates in ensuring that the design is made for to be efficiently manufactured. This further leads to the reduction of the manufacturing issues, costs, and improves the overall quality. Keeping in view the capabilities and the limitations of the production DFM consideration allows engineers to ensure that the design meets the specifications.

Plastic injection mold design, for example, can be made more efficient and cost-effective through the use of the following methods:

1. Make Geometry Easy: Making use of overly sophisticated geometries can take a considerable toll on the design process of the mold. Making the geometry simpler can greatly aid in improving the quality while significantly improving the flows of the mold.
2. Keep The Tooling In Mind: Factors such as wall thickness, draft angles, and even fillet radii should be considered. Proper wall thickness will ensure that defects such as warpages and sink marks are avoided. Draft angles will ensure that the released mold is easily removable, while radii will reduce the stress.
3. Gate Optimization: Placement of the gate is imperative in ensuring that the melt flows evenly without defects such as air traps or weld lines. The appropriate placement of the gate also ensures that the fill of the cavity of the mold is completed efficiently resulting to an improved quality in the part.
4. Material Alteration: The manufacturability and the desired characteristics of the part can only be achieved through the use of correct materials and thus require due diligence when selecting engineering. Such considerations as the material properties, suitability for the manufacturing process, or price need to be weighed.

In strategy execution, if the engineers comply with the aforementioned practices, they should substantively boost the plastic injection mold designs by applying the latest design tools. Evicting such a methodology will lead to improved production and high-quality parts at reduced costs.

Integrating Design Analysis and Mold Flow

The fusion of design analysis with mold flow analytics enhances the productivity of the injection mold by the engineers. This allows for an accurate and thorough evaluation of the design and optimizes it before it is taken for production. When the animating filling, packing, and cooling processes are performed, key insights into how the molten plastic would behave emerge, thus allowing for solving design-related issues. Through this integrated approach, engineers can achieve superior outcomes by:

1. Narrowing in on Design Weaknesses – The walls and gates may be designed poorly which may require excessive use of modification in the production stage, with the help of a design analysis these weaknesses can be spotted. Modifications early on ensure that time and money is invested wisely in production.
2. Improving the Quality and Functionality of Parts – If the product does not remove sink marks and air traps during its manufacturing then it may be considered of low quality. Mold flow modifies the design so that these defects are minimized by ensuring constant temperature throughout the manufacturing process.
3. Boost Production Effectiveness – Engineers are help through the fusion analysis which greatly reduces cycle time which in turn improves the overall production process. This reduction in time and optimization of resources allows for cost-effectiveness.

Employing integration of design analysis together with mold flow analysis enables engineers to make data informed decisions improving end production to data driven three-dimensional plastic molding. Using advanced design tools and simulation software, engineers can enhance part quality, minimize the cost and risks of production, and ensure and deliver optimal plastic pieces.

Leveraging Design Guides for Superior Outcomes

Design guides are important factors in obtaining better results in the plastic injection mold design process. These guides inform engineers on which optimal part quality is performing, and practitioners advise them to fabricate mold. This enables engineers to lean on the expertise accrued in the design guides and be sure that it is never the first time work is done. Such guides address a variety of mold design practices, including the optimal location of the gates, the design of runner systems, the development of cooling channels, etc. Following the guides allows engineers to minimize decision-making, hence mitigating production hazards and providing quality plastics.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: In your opinion, what are the best practices for designing a plastic part for injection molding?

A: The choice of features including but not limited to materials, wall thickness, ribs, bosses and other detail structures can all be considered during the design phase of any injection molded plastic component. Keep in mind the direction in which the plastic resin will flow while in the mold and also its removal from the mold. Avoid thick sections as they tend to cause sinking and internal stresses.

Q: How does the parting line affect the design of plastic parts?

A: The parting line is an important detail in the design of the plastic part as it can impact how the plastic part looks and how it is intended to work. If proper attention is paid to the location of the parting line, flash can be contained, and mold construction can become easier. The location of the parting line falls outside the boundaries in which side movements that are out of the mold’s plan would be undesirable for easy reaches of the molded plastic.

Q: In your opinion, what is the role of CAD in designing a plastic injection mold?

A: CAD (Computer-Aided Design) is instrumental in designing a plastic injection mold as it allows for precise modeling and simulation of the part and mold. It aids in design work by evaluating several factors that inform decisions, such as building the mold and making necessary alterations, all of which save time.

Q: why do you think venting is an essential requirement during an injection mold design process?

A: Functioning correctly, venting guarantees the elimination of air and gases that may remain trapped from the interior surfaces of the mold during the insertion of the molten plastic. Proper venting enhances molded plastic quality by curtailing the occurrence of burns and voids during the filling process and ensuring the complete cavity fill.

Q: do you think radius influences the design for injection molding, and how?

A: Adding radii on the edges and corners of a plastic part design helps to alleviate and reduce stress concentrations as well as promote better material flow in the mold. This design consideration assists in accomplishing reduced defectives such as cracks while improving finishing of the molded plastic surfaces.

Q: Why is it important to consider the design in regard to the injection molding press?

A: The press design determines the part that can be produced as it investigates the pressing capabilities, which include clamping force, shot size, and cycle time. There has to be a compatible relationship between the injection molding press and the design in order to attain effective production with decent quality.

Q: What is the function of the ejector pins in the injection mold?

A: Once the plastic part has cooled and become solid, the ejector pins help remove it from the mold. The positioning of an ejector pin is precise so that the component is not damaged after exiting the cavity and allows the part to be pushed out cleanly without leaving any marks.

Q: How does the type and condition of the mold material affect the design and build process?

A: The material used in the molding bears an influence on its strength and efficiency. The state of the molds also includes wear and tear and maintenance as factors affecting the injection molded plastic part. Always a part maintenance schedule is necessary for a mold to perform and withstand more cycles.

Reference Sources

1. “Analiza projektu wtrysku formy oraz systemu chłodzenia” Having been authored by Selin Tuna and Elif Öğüt (2023) (Tuna & Öğüt, 2023)

• Key Findings:
• Investigated the gating system and cooling system on the design of a plastic injection needle for a watercolor palette.
• The research established that a cold runner system would be most appropriate so as to cut back on costs, Air vents were fitted in to ensure no pockets were formed.
• The analysis of cooling suggested that the product thickness was uniform and the product was at a low risk of early solidification.
• Methodology:
• Utilized CAD software so as to design the product and the mold.
• Used simulation programs such as Moldflow so as to conduct an analysis on the design of the mold and its cooling system.
• Conducted evaluations on the acquired results and then altered the designs in order to enhance the effectiveness of the mold.

2. Design Plastic Injection Mold with The Help of Modular Software Mold Wizard: this has been authored by Vu Nhu Nguyet in the year 2023 (Nguyet, 2023) 

• Key Findings: 
• Engineered a mold for injecting plastic that was designed for a smartphone power cord connector using the CAD-CAM technique.
• Due to enhanced quality, the product has a commercial viability which makes it very cost effective in comparison architects equipment that were imported around the same time.
• The project was of great assistance for students who wanted to enhance their knowledge about plastic product production technology. As a result the quality of training which revolved around the CAD/CAM-CNC module greatly improved.

Methodology:

• The injection mold design was done using CAD/CAM software and other methods.
• CAE analysis was conducted during the design process in order to assess, check, and improve the mold design.
• Costs associated with testing and time were lowered, and the product development phase was sped up.

3. “Heat transfer simulation for decision making in plastic injection mold design” by Piery Antonio Gruber and Diego Alves de Miranda (2020) (Gruber & Miranda, 2020) 

• Key Findings:
• The solidification behavior of injection molded thermoplastic parts was investigated; in terms of size, appearance and behavior during production.
• Parts with shorter mold cooling cycle times were obtained from simulations conducted with SolidWorks Plastics software.
• The payback method was employed to assess the optimal cooling system for the highest return on capital invested.
• Methodology: 
• CAE software was used to perform heat transfer simulations for cooling geometry assessment.
• Experiments of a plastic injection mold were done to verify the simulations.
• The cooling system design that had the least cost was determined through payback analysis.

4. “Optimization of direct metal printing process parameters for the plastic injection mold. through the design of experiments,” co-authored by C. Kuo and Xin-Yi Yang (2020) (Kuo and Yang 2020 pp.1219-1235)

• Key Findings:
• Optimized direct metal printing process parameters for plastic injection molds to satisfy any variables of gas permeability and mechanical properties.
• A design of experiments method was adopted for defining the best parameters of a process.
• Methodology:
• Determined the influence of direct metal printing process parameters on the gas permeability and on the mechanics of plastic injection molds.
• A design of the experiment method was used to find the best values for the process parameters.

5. “An injection mold design automatic venting system generation on complex surfaces strategy” by Jiong Yang, Shuncong Xue, And Binkui Hou (2023) (Yang et al. 2023 pp 787 – 796)

• Key Findings:
• In this article, which is the first of its kind, it provides an automatic venting system generation on the complex surfaces in injection mold design.
• The approach consists of three steps: generation of main vent centerline, generation of main vent features and generation of sub-vent features.
• Methodology:
• Came up with an automatic system for generating complete mold venting surface shapes in injection mold design.
• The algorithm covers step by step venting features generation that includes main vent center line generating, main vent and sub vent features.

6. Injection moulding

7. Plastic

8. Manufacturing