Mastering Metal Enclosures: Your Guide to Durable Fabrication

Across various domains, metal enclosures are an essential part of the equipment they are integrated with as they provide safety and structural integrity. The durability and functionality of your enclosure are of utmost importance to the success of your project, whether it be for electronics, industrial machinery, or environmental applications. This guide aims to analyze the most important factors and remain abreast of approaches regarding the fabrication of strong metal enclosures, which will allow you to make informed choices. Your enclosure will be built to last and meet the requirements of the industry as we go over material selection, design principles, finishing, fabrication techniques, and other vital components of the entire process. Join us as we explain how to achieve the ideal combination of practicality, durability, and affordability.

What is a Metal Enclosure, and Why is it Important?

An enclosure is the casing whose main function involves the protection of key components such as electrical systems, electronics, or mechanical parts. The metal enclosure protects the parts from external phenomena such as moisture, dust, impact, and electromagnetic interference, ensuring the parts function optimally and have a long lifespan. Metal enclosures are crucial in manufacturing, energy, telecommunications, and other industrial areas where functionality is of high significance. Their customization possibilities, durability, and strength make them extraordinary for surrounding sensitive systems in diverse locations.

Understanding the Purpose of a Metal Enclosure

Simple Overview of a Product Choosing Process and Example for Comb Boxes Structures of cubicles are aimed at aesthetical purposes in the sense of hiding what’s behind them. The outer structure of these devices is made in such a way that it provides aesthetically pleasant views with no regard for the content behind them. Most of the cubicles have toe space gaps above the base skirting, which gives the perception that cables are not neatly installed when, in fact, they are. For these peripheral cases, the structure has no regard for the intended aesthetics behind it.

Moreover, metal casings ensure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the enclosure. These components enable optimal protection from the electromagnetic interference (EMI) to which the electrical and electronic components are sensitive. This feature is important in telecommunications and healthcare industries in which signals are required to be clear and not distorted.

Following the guidelines of industry standards underscores the necessity for compliance with certification protocols, such as IP rating or NEMA classifications. These ratings determine the enclosure’s ability to protect against water, dust, and other forms of damage. For example, an enclosure with an IP67 rating would be completely resistant to dust and could survive immersion into water for brief periods. This ensures that reliability is maintained in both outdoor and wet environments.

By integrating these features, metal enclosures guarantee that critical systems continue to function and are protected while meeting the harsh requirements of modern industries. They provide long-term value and are needed to protect equipment from high damage in many different applications.

Common Applications of Sheet Metal Enclosures

Given their protective nature and durability, sheet metal enclosures are integrated across industries. Common applications are:

• Electronics Housing: In control panels, routers, and power distribution units, sensitive components are protected via the enclosure.
• Industrial Machinery: Machinery controls and motor drives are safeguarded from the surrounding environment’s physical damage.
• Telecommunications: Ensuring protection and stability of network equipment like server racks and communication hubs.
• Energy Sector: Enclosures for solar inverters and battery storage units in renewable energy systems.
• Medical Equipment: Enclosure for healthcare devices and diagnostic tools, ensuring cleanness and functionality.

Such applications are proof of how versatile sheet metal enclosures can be across different fields of work.

Benefits of Using Metal Enclosures in Electronics

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding: The protection from electromagnetic interference provided by metal materials is crucial for the functionality and dependability of delicate electronic parts. Aluminum and steel enclosures can attenuate EMI by 60-80%, which guarantees compliance with industry standards.

• Durability and Protection: In addition to metal construction, these enclosures provide improved durability as compared to other options, since they can endure severe environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, humidity, and even physical shocks. Such features make these enclosures ideal for industrial grade applications where they require ruggedness and reliability.
• Efficient Thermal Management: Unlike their plastic counterparts, metal enclosures are preferable because they dissipate heat better due to their conductivity, with aluminum being more preferable because they have a thermal conductivity of roughly 205 W/mK. Such properties of aluminum delay the overheating of electronic devices and thus extend their useable life.
• Corrosion Resistance: These metals are often used in the construction of outdoor equipment or devices that are constantly exposed to water or chemicals due to the industry’s nature, which makes their corrosion resistance extremely useful.
• Customizability: Metal enclosures possess a high degree of customization because they can be easily altered by cutting, bending, or welding. This ensures that the project specifications are met, allowing seamless integration of functionality and design.
• Security and Tamper Resistance: Electronic appliances are well protected using metal enclosures, which are very difficult to tamper with or gain unauthorized access. Additional features, such as lockable panels, further strengthen protection.
• Grounding Capabilities: Protective metal enclosures provide a good grounding for static and electrical charges, reducing the chances of fire or damage to delicate circuitry from voltage.
• Sustainability: The ability to reuse raw materials such as aluminum and steel helps in protecting the environment. Recycled metal can range from over 80 to 90 percent, assisting in reducing waste during the manufacturing of electronics.

With these benefits, metal enclosures are often used for the protection and integration of electronic systems in all industries.

How to Choose the Right Metal Enclosure for Your Project?

Factors to Consider in Sheet Metal Fabrication

Material Datum

• Pick a metal that satisfies the durability, corrosion resistance, weight, and conductivity requirements of your project. A good candidate is Aluminum because of its strength and versatility. Cut value option is stainless steel.

Thickness and Value

• State the required thickness and the allowable tolerances so that the enclosure meets the design, structural, and functional criteria set up for the system.

Environmental Procedure

• Take into account the operating environment that includes moisture exposure, temperature difference, or harsh chemicals so they can be able to select materials and coatings for reliability in the long term.

Design Complexity

• Check the complexity of the enclosure’s design including size, cutouts, bends, and any finishing done to them and ensure that it is within the limits of the fabrication process.

Cost and Production Volume

• Attend to budget restrictions and the intended volume of production because some methods of fabrication or materials are alternate more economical for largescale while others suit small-batch custom designs.

Comparing Aluminum and Stainless Steel Enclosures

Weight

• The aluminum enclosures are lighter than the stainless steel counterparts which makes them favorable for applications which have weight restrictions. While adding some durability, stainless steel’s increased density adds to its weight.

Corrosion Resistance

• Stainless steel is highly preferred in harsh and marine environments due to its strength and resistance to corrosion. While aluminum is also corrosion-resistant, it may need anodization to perform effectively in more damaging conditions.

Strength and Durability

• Stainless steel’s strength and durability allows it to support much heavier applications. For moderate and low strength applications, aluminum serves the purpose sufficiently while also being easy to machine.

Cost

• While stainless steel is preferred for its durability and sleek appearance, it does come with a higher price tag. For bulk purchases, aluminum works better due to its affordable pricing.

Thermal and Electrical Conductivity

• Aluminum is ideal for applications where heat needs to be dissipated or where electrical grounding needs to be put in place due to its high thermal and electrical conductivity capabilities. Stainless steel is more suited for structural or articulating design components because of its low thermal and electrical conductivity.

It is best for designers to analyze these factors comprehensively in order to select the ideal material best suited to their designs specific to certain applications.

Customizing Your Electronic Enclosure

Ensuring optimal functionality, durability, and performance in application performance requires specific customization of electronic enclosures. Modern materials and design advancement allow for modifications to be exact and target specific preferences. Key considerations for customization are provided in the detail below:

Material Selection

The performance of the electronic enclosure is primarily influenced by material selection. Polycarbonate continues to dominate the market as a preferred material for electronic enclosures due to its high resistance to impact and temperature between -40F and 250F (-40C and 121C). Aluminum’s superior strength-to-weight ratio and ABS plastic’s cost-effectiveness make them ideal for heat dissipation and low-weight, low-impact designs, respectively. Because of current market trends moving towards sustainable practices, the increasing market share of eco-friendly materials such as bio-compounds indicates a positive movement.

Thermal management 

For high-performance electronic components, effective thermal management is crucial. The incorporation of ventilation slots, heat sinks, or active cooling methods can significantly reduce the internal operating temperatures of enclosures. It is further established that maintaining optimal component temperatures can extend the operational life of electronics by up to fifty percent. In addition, modern precision machining techniques make the seamless integration of structural thermal solutions possible.

Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings

Customization of enclosures requires consideration of the environment as well. The IP system provides a means of measurement for how resistant an enclosure is to dust and moisture. For instance, an enclosure with an IP67 rating is completely protected from dust and can be submerged in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes. This rating is commonly used in industrial, outdoor, and marine environments.

Custom Cutouts and Mounting Options

The machining of precise cutouts for displays, connectors, and switches enhances their usability and makes installation easier. Today’s CNC machines have the ability to make incredibly precise and accurate cutouts that increase the tolerance fit. Also, use of flexible mounting methods like brackets or DIN rails aid in mounting to other systems or industrial panels.

Aesthetic and Branding Options

These elements are particularly important in the protective appearance of your enclosure. Functional custom branding or finishes, like powder coating, anodizing, or UV printings, give added protective, eye-catching features. End-user survey data indicates that brand-marked enclosures with nice surfaces boost public trust by 30% more than unbranded or generic enclosures.

The unique design features of an electronic enclosure add value by enhancing its functionality and aesthetics while aligning with the technical and environmental requirements. Ensuring these modernizations enables the creation of a dependable, effective solution that is customized to your specific application requirements.

What are the Different Types of Sheet Metal Enclosures Available?

Exploring Aluminum Enclosures for Electronics

The lightweight, durable, and corrosion resistant properties of aluminum make these enclosures very popular for electronics applications. Their sensitive components are well defended while the structures remain portable. In addition, aluminum enclosures are ideal for applications where heat must be dissipated as they can be relied upon to protect delicate components. Their versatility and dependability also make them useful in telecommunications, aerospace, and industrial automation.

Advantages of Stainless Steel Enclosures

The sturdy construction of stainless steel enclosures and the ability to withstand harsh weather makes them desirable. A list of their benefits is provided below:

Corrosion Resistance

• Stainless steel is preferred for outdoor use and for use in hot and humid regions, as it does not rust or corrode easily. This guarantees dependability for a long time, thus saving the users from incurring extra servicing and maintenance costs.

Mechanical Strength

• The enclosures also facilitate much greater mechanical strength than other materials, providing increased protection for internal components from physical impacts. They best serve demanding industrial environments because of their ability to withstand tremendous mechanical pressure.

Hygienic Properties

• The surface of stainless steel enclosures has no pores, which means they can be cleaned easily. Thus, they are perfect for industries with high hygienic demands like food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other medical equipment manufacturing.

Temperature Tolerance

• Stainless steel is thermally durable, which means that it does not get compromised under extreme high or low temperatures. This makes it a better option to consider for uses which undergo thermal cycling or intense heat.

Resistance to Chemicals

• Stainless steel is chemically durable which makes it resistant to many aggressive chemicals like strong acids and even alkaline substances. This helps it endure the chemically aggressive environments in places like chemical processing plants.

Aesthetic Appeal  

• Stainless steel enclosures are often preferred in commercial and architectural settings because they look aesthetically appealing and offer sleek design professionalism.

Longevity and Recyclability  

• Stainless steel enclosures sustain a long service life while being 100% recyclable, meeting sustainability goals and lessening the environmental impact caused by other materials.

These advantages make stainless steel enclosures an effective solution for the oil and gas, marine, energy, and manufacturing industries.

Understanding NEMA Enclosure Ratings

The ratings assigned to electric enclosures by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) denote their scope of classification, which varies according to differing levels of protection offered against environmental conditions. These ratings ensure enclosures comply with the context of use, whether indoors or outdoors, and protect against risks like dust, water, or corrosion.

Key NEMA Ratings and Their Functions

• NEMA 1: Designed for indoor use, these enclosures do offer protection from unintentional access to internal components, but no protection against water or dust. General-purpose electrical panels are a common use case.
• NEMA 3 and 3R: These are NEMA 3 enclosures which are useful for outdoor applications. They protect against rain, sleet, and windblown debris. 3R enclosures provide similar protection, but their increased drainage capacity means less water pools inside the box.
• NEMA 4 and 4X: These are NEMA 4 enclosures, which are watertight and can even be used in environments that require frequent washdowns, for example, food processing plants. The additional “X” in 4X shows its increased guarding against corrosion, rendering it useful for corrosive or marine environments.
• NEMA 6 and 6P: Enclosures that offer submersible features and provide guarding for equipment subject to temporary or long-term immersion in water, based on the enclosure rating.
• NEMA 7 and 9: Both of these features are tailored for dangerous environments. NEMA 7 boxes are explosion-proof for places with flammable gases, and NEMA 9 boxes are for places with combustible dust. Washdown.

Comparison between NEMA and IP Ratings

• NEMA ratings are frequently analyzed alongside the internationally accepted code system IP (Ingress Protection). While both sets of standards measure enclosure effectiveness, neither NEMA nor IP has. NEMA tends to provide an overall better grade when it comes to detailing the enclosure measures against corrosion or protection from external forces such as ice.

Data Research on Industrial Use

• An industry report shows that more than 60% of electrical enclosures in use outdoors in harsh conditions are NEMA 4 rated or higher, which is durable in most environments.
• Research from the industrial side shows a clear increase in the use of NEMA 4X enclosures because of the requirement of protective materials for water and chemical exposure.

Knowing the correct NEMA rating for your application is important because it provides safety, reliability, and efficiency of the electrical equipment under various operating conditions. Read the installation and operating conditions documentation required to choose the enclosure properly.

How Does Metal Fabrication Influence Enclosure Design?

Techniques in Sheet Metal Fabrication

Sheet metal fabrication is defined as the process of cutting, shaping, and assembling metal into usable parts through different methods. Some of the methods are:

• Cutting: Using laser, plasma, or shears to cut parts in the required size and shape.
• Bending: Employing bending machines and press brakes to fold thin sheets of metals to required angle profiles.
• Forming: Complex shapes and dimensions are created by stamping or rolling operations on sheet metal.
• Welding: Structural components of machines like gear cases, hydraulic cylinders, etc. are manufactured by MIG, TIG, or spot welding.
• Finishing: Adding special coats, polishing, or painting metal to increase wear and tear longevity; improving aesthetics.

These processes are crucial for achieving the high tolerances required for meeting the industrial design specifications of enclosures and achieving improved aesthetics.

The Role of Metal’s Properties in Fabrication

Metals’ innate qualities are fundamental to the way they behave when being machined, as well as which techniques are selected. Some of the most important are malleability, ductility, hardness, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance.

• Malleability and Ductility: Those metals that are most malleable and ductile include aluminum and copper. They are easily bent or formed into more complex shapes, and aluminum can be rolled into sheets as thin as 0.007 inches. These attributes make these metals attractive for industries such as aerospace and packaging. In fact, the ability to bend these metals exceeds 90 degrees, and is substantially higher in the case of copper.
• Hardness and Tensile Strength: Stainless steel and titanium are known for being highly tenacious and hard, and as such require robust cutting and forming techniques. The alloys characteristic of titanium can have tensile strength ranging from 30,000 to over 200,000 psi. This qualifies them as very useful structural materials in automotive and aerospace engineering.
• Corrosion Resistance: As with aluminum or stainless steel, their use in more aggressive solution environments is welcomed due to their corrosion resistance. Stainless steels typically contain a chromium content of 10.5% and higher, which is well known for forming a passivating oxide layer on the surface of the steel, protecting it from rusting even in saline environments.

These aspects affect not only the productivity of the fabrication but also the performance of the product in its intended application. The engineers, as well as the fabricators, need to measure metrics against operational needs to improve the manufacturing methodology. The development of new alloys and their associated heat treatment processes are other modern technologies that increase the usefulness of metals in many engineered applications while still considering their strength, ease of working, and economy.

Innovations in Metal Enclosure Designs

Current advancements in the design of metal enclosures are concentrated on increasing the toughness, thermal management efficiency, and versatility for application in various industries. The newer materials, like the sophisticated aluminum alloys and coated steels, are improving the resistance to environmentally hostile factors like excess heating and moistness. Modular enclosure systems provide custom configurability which eases installation and servicing in different locations. Better sealing methods also guarantee better protection from dust, water, and chemicals, thus complying with stricter regulations. All of these changes make it possible to meet the emerging requirements for high-quality enclosures in the telecommunications, energy, and automation industries.

What are the Key Features of a Robust Electrical Enclosure?

Essential Components of an Enclosure Box

Like any construction, the electrical enclosure box is build from a number of components that, when solved together ensures enclosure functional and durable as per industry standards. The main components of an electrical enclosure box are given below.

Enclosure Body

• The primary structure of the enclosure box is built from stainless steel or aluminum, or polycarbonate. On top of it, these materials also prevent damage from impacts, moisture, and corrosion.

Cover or Door

• The door or cover can be either hinged or removable. Together with a sealing gasket, they provide uncomplicated access whilst protecting against contamination from dust and water.

Mounting Plate

• Galvanized steel plates located inside the enclosure support electrical and electronic components and their accessories, helping mounting plates secure them.

Gaskets and Seals

• Additional silicone or neoprene gaskets enhance the IP rating of the enclosure by providing a tighter fit that prevents dust, water, and chemicals from permeating.

Locking Mechanism

• These locking mechanisms include locks, cam laughs, and provision for padlocks to internal components secure. Many designs incorporate anti tamper features for additional security.

Points of Entry for Cables

• Knockouts or flexible cable glands provide an effective means for secure cable entry and exit while preventing the ingress of liquid and debris.

Cooling and Ventilation System 

• Proper thermal management of internal equipment is achieved by ventilation grilles or fan-filter units that aid in the protection of internal components from contaminants while allowing for effective dissipation of heat.

Bonding and Grounding Accessories 

• Protective straps or grounding studs provide bonding and grounding critical for the safety and functionality of the enclosure system per regulatory requirements.

External Coating or Finish 

• In harsh corrosive environments, powder protective coatings as well as anodizing improves the enclosure’s resistance to abrasion and corrosion, making it last longer.

Mounting Brackets or Standoffs 

• Brackets and standoffs provide ease in the wall, floor, or pole mounting installations, giving stability to different operational environments.

this set of components makes increasing the robustness, reliability, and versatility of an electrical enclosure box possible which would make it useful in many applications, including commercial, industrial, and outdoor settings.

Importance of Ventilation in Metal Enclosures

For optimal operational efficiency and protection of sensitive electrical components, proper ventilation in metallic enclosures is crucial. The absence of adequate airflow can lead to heat accumulation inside the enclosure, resulting in component failure, performance degradation, and, in some cases, safety hazards, including fire. Studies show that the components of electronic equipment have their expected lifespans cut by half for every 10 degrees Celsius rise in temperature over an ideal range and an additional 50% after each 18-degree increase above optimal levels.

Active or passive cooling methods integrated within the ventilation systems help displace heat. Passive solutions allow airflow while preventing the ingress of dust and debris, such as vents with filters. Active approaches often include the usage of fans and blowers, or more advanced cooling technologies such as thermal heat exchangers. Environmental conditions as well as heat loads produced by the equipment will determine which ventilation method to utilize.

High temperatures and direct sunlight serve as additional catalysts for the need for more effective ventilation. For example, enclosures used in outdoor and indoor industrial applications may utilize thermostatically controlled fan systems that operate only when required, thus providing better energy efficiency. Moreover, adherence to industry norms such as NEMA or IP ratings serve the purpose of making sure that the ventilation aids in effective heat discharge and protection from environmental pollutants.

With the implementation of smart and efficient ventilation systems, the metal enclosures provide constant internal ecosystem which boost the reliability and lifespan of the equipment even in harsh operational environments. In today’s world, effective ventilation as part of design and implementation of electrical enclosures is crucial.

Integrating Hinges and Access Points

Incorporating hinges and access points into the metal enclosures actively supports user interaction and equipment upkeep. Removable hinges or lift-off options make servicing easier, whereas continuous hinges add security and structural support. Hinges should be chosen based on their strength and correspondence with the enclosure’s material and bearing weight expectations. Doors and panels that serve as access points must accommodate the users while also maintaining protection of the enclosure so that they comply with relevant standards such as NEMA and IP ratings. As much as access point positioning and locking mechanisms need to ensure safety, the operational effectiveness of the enclosure is enhanced by enabling access functionality.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What are the benefits of using metal enclosures for electronic devices?

A: There are many advantages for electronics using enclosures made out of metal. These include amplified durability as well as EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding, heat dissipation, and protection from environmental factors. They are suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, and are very effective in safeguarding PCBs, power supplies, and other electronic parts.

Q: What types of metal do people commonly use to fabric enclosures?

A: Enclosure fabricating metals that are most commonly used are aluminum, cold-rolled steel, and carbon steel. Aluminum is popular because of its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties, while steel is preferred because of its strength and relatively low cost. Which metal to use depends on the defined needs of your electrical project or an industrial application.

Q: How can I select the right box out of metal for my project?

A: When selecting a box out of metal for your project, keep in mind size limitations for PCB or electronic equipment, the environment (does it need to be used indoors or outdoors), EMI shielding, heat dissipation, and any specific industry-related regulations. Metal enclosures for all scenarios are accessible, including industrial enclosures and small project boxes.

Q: What are the manufacturing processes used for metal enclosures?

A: Extruding, die-casting, and stamping are common processes used for metal enclosures. Stamping is done for flat sheet components. For more intricate designs like the profile of an aluminum electronics enclosure, extrusion is best. Die casting is used for more robust and precision-engineered enclosures. Each manufacturing process is selected based on the material, design complexity, and required production volume.

Q: For outdoor and electrical applications, are metal enclosures applicable?

A: Certainly, metal enclosures can be used for outdoor electrical work. There are so many manufacturers who have specialized in outdoor facing enclosures that can withstand bad weather like rain and sun along with extreme temperatures. These enclosures would include weatherproof seals along with the bolts and coatings being corrosion resistant, ensuring the electrical appliances are well protected for years.

Q: Regarding industrial applications, can metal enclosures be changed to fit specific requirements?

A: Of course. There are numerous manufacturers who provide custom-made metal enclosures that are targeted toward certain industrial needs. This can include customizations such as custom measurements, decorative coating, ventilation, cable openings, and even bases for mounting. Some firms go as far as offering services to manufacture unique enclosures according to the customer’s design requirements.

Q: What is the correct procedure for preparing metal enclosures for electronics installation?

A: When preparing metal enclosures for electronics installation, you will likely have to create holes for the connectors, cut slots for ventilation, and mount holes for the PCBs and other components. The layout has to be designed considering the placement of cables, heat dissipation, and other factors that may affect the airflow within the enclosure. Some manufacturers provide pre-modded enclosures or may offer them as an outsourced modification service.

Q: What options are available for wall-mounted metal enclosures?

A: There is a variety of designs and sizes available for wall-mounted metal enclosures, depending on the specific application requirements. These include flush mount back enclosures as well as hinged weatherproof and outdoor enclosures. These enclosures often have several mounting holes already drilled and may be enhanced with add-ons such as transparent windows or locks.

Q: Compared to plastic ones, how do metal enclosures rate in industrial electrical applications?

A: In comparison with plastic enclosures, metal enclosures are more rugged, EMI-proof, and can disperse heat better, making them ideal for many industrial electrical applications. They also better withstand harsh environments and impacts. However, in cases where weight is an important factor or where non-corrosive chemicals that react with the metal are involved, plastic enclosures may be more appropriate.

Q: What steps must I follow to find the right metal enclosure for my needs?

A: When looking for a metal enclosure, it is best to first understand your requirements, like dimensions, environmental factors, and features, to be able to conduct further research on manufacturers and their product offerings, like METCASE for instrument enclosures or other specialty providers. Most companies provide online catalogs and selection aids to narrow down the listings. If no suitable option is available, consider reaching out to manufacturers directly to explore more tailored options.

Reference Sources

1. Numerical investigation of the thermal performance of a cavity containing metal foam and nano-enhanced phase change material

• Authors: N. S. Bondareva, Mikhail A. Sheremet
• Relevant Journal: Energy
• Publication Date: June 1, 2024
• Key Findings: The current study provides a numerical simulation evaluating the thermal performance of an enclosure filled with metal foam and nano-enhanced phase change material. The results indicate that using metal foam within the enclosure greatly improves the thermal performance by facilitating better heat transfer.
• Methodology: For the described study, the authors conducted a numerical simulation of the processes of heat transfer in the enclosure with metal foam and analyzed the flow pattern within the enclosure(Bondareva & Sheremet, 2024).

2. Experimental study of the shielding effectiveness of a metallic enclosure with an electromagnetic absorber mounted internally

• Authors: Nataša J. Nešić et al.
• Publication Year: 2022
• Relevant Journal: Facta universitatis – series: Electronics and Energetics
• Key Findings: This study focuses on the effects of an electromagnetic absorber located inside a protective metal enclosure. Results showed significant improvement to the shielding effectiveness, especially at the first resonant frequency. The analysis also showed that the position of the absorber within the enclosure affects its performance.
• Instructional Design: The research was based on experimental works carried out in semi anechoic chambers and included numerical TLM (Transmission Line Matrix) simulations for electromagnetic field distribution assessment (Nešić et al., 2022).

3. Bluetooth Low-Energy Link Unit in a Metallic Cavity with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assistance

• By: Mir Lodro et al.
• Posted on: 26th October 2021
• Journal: Within Frontiers Communications and Networks
• Principal Conclusions: The optimization of the packet error rate (PER) for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication links within a strongly reflective metallic cavity is reported in this paper. The presence of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) was shown to improve the dependability of communications due to the signal propagation paths’ optimization.
• Instructional Strategy: The authors applied a mix of experimental designs and observations and computer modeling of the performance of BLE communication with different configurations of RIS, both for a centralized and a distributed (Lodro et al., 2021).

4. LTE Band Slot Antenna for Metal Enclosed Laptop Design

• Authors: Hui-Yu Chueh et al.
• Publication Date: October 19, 2021
• Journal: International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation
• Key Findings: The research provides a metal enclosure laptop antenna that mitigates slot visual intrusion while operating effectively in low and high LTE bands. The design of the antenna is applicable for LTE service.
• Methodology: The authors used the real world to theoretically validate the antenna design through different parametric studies and simulations of the design(Chueh et al., 2021, pp. 1-2).

5. Fast Dynamic melting in an open Enclosure with a partial layer of metal foam: A Hyperthermal charging process

• Authors: M Ghalambaz et al.
• Publication Date: 2023
• Journal: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
• Key Findings: This research focuses on the dynamic melting phenomenon in a partially metal foam-covered open enclosure, with specific attention on the speed at which the metal foam enables thermal charging.
• Methodology: This investigation used numerical analysis to simulate melting processes and thermal performance, examining the impacts of metal foam on the efficiency of thermal management systems(Ghalambaz et al., 2023).

6. Stainless steel

7. Carbon steel

8. Metal