G-Code is the primary drone that controls CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines, oscillating its arms to enable the users to integrate virtual designs and produce the tangible parts. This guide is tailored to provide an ample grasp of G-Code with regards to its organization, common commands, and practical uses within the manufacturing sector. Regardless of whether you’re an adept machinist seeking to hone your programming skills, or an amateur looking for the fundamentals, this article presents a coherent blueprint tailored to help you unlock the value of CNC technology. Explanatory essays accompanied with practical illustrations will help you gain the needed expertise in optimizing your work and elevating efficiency in CNC operations.
What is G-Code and Why is it Important in CNC Machines?
G-Code is a CNC machine control language that provides instructions to the tools used in construction, movement, cutting, and other operations. The significance of G-Code in CNC machines is paramount because it provides accuracy, consistency, and productivity which are critical to modern manufacturing systems.
Understanding the Core Elements of G-Code
G-Code is a control language composed of lines of codes that tell CNC machines what coordinates to locate, what speed they should be set to, and whether and when the cutting should begin. G-Codes are generic commands that give basic directions whereas M-Codes perform secondary functions like spindle commands which are specific to every machine. For instance, the command “G01” requires a machine to move forward linearly and “M03” starts the spindle for cutting. Thus, the correct procedure detailed in the G-Code dictates and guarantees the required precision in operations at every stage of production.
How G-Code Commands Operate CNC Machines
It is helpful to look at some of the most common commands used to drive CNC machine operations with G-Code to grasp how G-Code works on a CNC machine:
G00 (Rapid Positioning): This command positions the machine tool at a particular location in the shortest possible time. It is used mostly to position the tool at a certain height above the work piece without machining.
G01 (Linear Interpolation): Also known as Controlled Move, G01 is used when cutting motion is controlled and precise. This command allows the machine to move the tool straight in a specific predetermined path (feed) at a specific rate.
G02 (Clockwise Circular Interpolation): It allows the tool to perform circular or arc movements in clockwise direction.
G03 (Counterclockwise Circular Interpolation): It does as G02 does but counterclockwise.
M03 (Spindle On, Clockwise): Turns on the spindle of the machine and it starts rotating in a clockwise direction which is normally required during cutting or drilling operations.
M05 (Spindle Stop): Stops rotating the spindle. It is mostly done after completing a machining sequence.
M08 (Coolant On): Switches on cooling system of the machine used for high-speed cut during operations.
M09 (Coolant Off): Stops the cooling system after machining to avoid wastage.
Every command has specific parameters, such as coordinate positions (X, Y, Z), feeding rates (F), and spindle speeds (S). These ensure that the CNC machine completes its tasks with a high level of accuracy and precision. The appropriate order and combination of G-Code commands allows manufacturers to create complex geometries and achieve their desired tolerances in products.
The Importance of G-Code in Programming Parts
Here is a list of some of the most commonly used G-Code commands along with their definitions and relevance to CNC machining:
G00 (Rapid Positioning): Positions the tool at some coordinate of interest without cutting. It is often used to save time between cuts.
G01 (Linear Interpolation): Moves the tool in a straight line at a set feeding rate for cutting – this method is often used when accuracy matters.
G02 (Circular Interpolation – Clockwise): Orders the tool to perform a clockwise arc. This is often necessary for curved geometries.
G03 (Circular Interpolation – Counterclockwise): Orders the tool to perform a counterclockwise arc. This is often used in conjunction with G02 to make full circles.
G17, G18, G19: Indicate the work plane (XY, XZ, YZ) in which the machining activity shall be performed.
G20 / G21: Indicate the unit of measurement to be either inches (G20) or millimeters (G21) depending on the design specifications.
G28 (Home Return): Commands the machine to go back to its home position where its tools are safe and mounted in a neutral and safe position.
G40: Cancels the Active Tool Radius Compensation and stops any changes to cutting conditions.
G41 / G42: Activate tool radius compensation to the left (G41) or right (G42) side of the toolpath for more intricate cutting.
G90: Sets absolute programming; meaning coordinates will be calculated with respect to a predetermined origin from a fixed point.
G91: Set incremental programming which calculates coordinates concerning the prior position.
M03 (Spindle On – Clockwise): Engages the spindle rotation in a clockwise direction at a set speed.
M05 (Spindle Stop): Deactivates the spindle rotation.
M08 (Cooldown On): Engages the coolant to minimize the temperature and improve surface quality during various machining operations.
M09 (Coolant Off): Turns off the nozzle of the coolant system to conserve resources when cooling isn’t required.
When utilizing these specific commands, they enable optimal control over the movement of the machines, interaction with the tools, and the effectiveness of the processes. These are the fundamental principles of how CNC machines are manipulated. Having knowledge regarding the application of these codes guarantees effective performance and superior quality in a plethora of operational uses.
How Does G-Code Function in CNC Milling Machines?
Examining Important G-Code Functions for CNC Mills
G-Code is the primary programming language with which a CNC milling machine is controlled. It has the ability to look at a digital design and mechanically cut, shape, or drill a hole into a physical object, using machinery parts such as a spindle and cutting tools. Each G-Code line has a unique instruction mapped out like positioning “G00” for rapid movement, cutting “G01” for linear interpolation, or even tool changes “M06”. G-Code is responsible for the transformation of CAD (Computer Aided Designs) files into operational orders that can be executed on modern equipment, allowing unprecedented tight tolerances, speed, and consistency in machining processes.
Significance of Milling With Linear Interpolation (G01)
The milling industry heavily relies on the use of linear interpolation which is G-Code “G01”. This command provides absolute control over straight movements of the tool between sets of points, making it easier for the device to make cuts and execute toolpaths with little to no errors. This command is important for the production of parts that are consistent and of high-value quality.
Utilizing Canned Cycles in CNC Milling
In CNC milling, canned cycles are simplified methods for repetitive machining operations like drilling, tapping, and boring. These cycles save time and enhance efficiency by cutting down on numerous programming lines and operations that need to be conducted. The G81 drilling cycle is an example of a simple drilling operation and G84 tapping cycle is used to create threaded holes.
A specific sequence is observed for all canned cycles, which include parameters for depth, feed, and retraction, making the results accurate and repeatable. In the G81 cycle, the following parameters are needed:
R value or Retract Position (R): Describes the area over the workpiece where the tool begins and finishes.
Depth (Z): States how deep the tool goes into the material.
Return Mode (G98) or (G99): Refers to the mode of returning the tool to the spindle. In G98, the Z-axis moves back to the starting point of the working space, whereas G99 commands the head to return to R-value.
Utilizing canned cycles results in time reductions, as seen in many industrial studies. For example, with the help of a G73 peck drilling cycle, compared to manually programmed tool retraction, there was a 30-40% reduction in program length and 25% improvement in cycle times. These accomplishments allow operators to concentrate on more important steps of the process without sacrificing accuracy.
How is G-Code Utilized in CNC Lathes?
Important G-Code Functions for CNC Lathes
Here is a comprehensive list of important G-Code functions for CNC lathe programming, including their descriptions.
Sends a command to the machine to move to several different locations in a straight line without cutting any material, which eliminates unnecessary waste of time.
Enables controlled linear cutting at a designated feed rate. This is particularly important for cutting a workpiece accurately.
Makes clockwise circular movements of the tool along the arc path. This function is commonly applied for the production of parts with circular curves.
Movement of the tool in a counterclockwise circular arc, providing versatility in the machining of complex profiles.
Changes the spindle speed to a varying rate in order to maintain a constant cutting surface speed in relation to the diameter of the workpiece being machined for consistent removal of material.
Turning off the constant surface speed and setting the spindle speed to an RPM value defined by the programmer.
Commands the machine to return to its home or reference position which is generally done after the spindle stops working at the end of the machining cycle.
Controls the intricate shaping of a workpiece threads by automatically producing threads that provide precise pitch and depth threading automated.
Specifying the cutting conditions in order to ensure proper alignment on the workpiece blank at the start of the cutting process.
Implements a final pass on a rough machined surface to further enhance the workpiece’s precision, surface quality, and accuracy level.
Makes several rough passes over the workpiece to remove bulk material, thereby enabling additional finishing procedures.
This allows holes to be drilled while periodically retracting the cutting tool in order to reduce tool wear and increase efficiency.
These commands enable efficient lathe machining operations, which optimally balances productivity and safety, when implemented properly.
Enhancing Lathes Functions Through G-Code
The table below demonstrates an extensive collection of lathe operation G-code commands and their unique functionalities.
Said command brings the tool to the designated position at a rapid pace but does not start cutting the material.
Indicated to further decrease cutting pauses for enhanced productivity.
Instructs a specified rate of feed advance and progress through the specified path in cutting.
Required to achieve the cutting edges and straight cutting paths.
Enables movement of the tool in the circular direction going clockwise.
Saves time for circular movements and rounded profile features.
Serves for circular motion of the tool in the counterclockwise direction.
Valuable for round and soft corners contours in reverse direction.
Automatically changes the spindle’s rotational speed in correspondence to the workpiece diameter relative to the cutting surface.
Improves cutting productivity for more reliable results.
G20 defines the settings to impose inches as the unit of measurement.
G21 defines the settings to impose millimeters as the unit of measurement.
Directs the measured tool to the pre-set homing location of the apparatus.
Adequate for Return-To-Zero positioning and changing tools.
This command is used for cutting holes while retracting quickly to remove debris.
Lowers the risk of increased wear of the cutting tool and overheating.
Disengages the tool for movement during controlled threading operation.
Accurate contouring along predetermined medium and solid boundaries strengthens shape outlines.
G40 removes compensation for cutter radius adjustment.
G41 provides cutter radius adjustment to the left side of the cutting line permit area.
G42 provides cutter radius compensation cutter to the right side of the cutting area.
G90/G91 – Absolute and Incremental Positioning
G90 executes positioning using an absolute technique relative to the workpiece origin.
G91 executes positioning using an incremental method relative to the tool.
G94 sets the unit time of measurement for feed rate, which is designated in units per minute.
G95 sets the unit time of measurement for feed rate, which is designated in units per revolution.
Understanding Settings Of Lathe Position And Offset
A lathe’s operation requires accurate position and offset settings. These settings will guarantee that the tool performs correctly on the workpiece with regard to the predefined values of measurement and surface finish. Below are components and parameters that relate to lathe position and offset settings:
Establishes the position of the workpiece in comparison to machine coordinates.
Common G-code commands used to set a range of coordinate systems include G54-G59.
Tool offsets are the adjustments made to account for tool length and diameter differences to ensure the tip of the tool is on the intended cutting path.
Offset values are normally given as tool length offset value (H) and cutter radius compensation value (D).
Workpiece Origin (WCS): X = 0.000 Z = 0.000 (From G54).
Tool Length Offset (H):21.000 mm.
Cutter Radius Offset (D):3.000 mm.
Machine Zero (MCS): Reference Point the machine has internally for all of its coordinate systems to compare to.
Part Zero (PZ) : The defined starting point of the workpiece. This origin is nearly the same as the WCS in order to guarantee accuracy.
Adjusting the WCS with a dial indicator has proven useful for offsets.
Optional tools use probe techniques to streamline the setup process and enhance efficiency.
By setting these parameters appropriately, errors, tool deterioration, and inconsistency in production runs is achieved.
What are the Most Common G-Code Commands in CNC Machining?
Some G-Code Examples for CNC Cutting Programming
As mentioned, this command moves the machine tool between two points at a rapid pace without engaging in cutting.
Controlled linear cutting motion at a given feed rate.
Circular cutting motion commands with G02 for clockwise arcs and G03 for counterclockwise ones.
Stops the machine for a certain programmable amount of time, often to give a function or a cooling period.
Sets an active working plane for the machine. G17 for XY, G18 for XZ, G19 for YZ.
Determines the unit of measurements for the program, goes to inches with G20 and millimeter with G21.
Sends a command for the tool to return to its home position which is electronically preset. This is done for safe positioning when tool changes are required.
Cancellation of cutter radius compensation subtracts the cutter radius compensation criteria thus damaging the dimensional accuracy.
How to Implement G00 and G01 Effectively
CNC programming relies heavily on the G00 and G01 commands for tool movement control. G00, for example, contains rapid positioning that is applied when a tool is moved quickly to a position without cutting (idle). This is beneficial in reducing idle time. G01, on the other hand, is designated for linear interpolation where the tool cuts along a straight line at a given feed rate.
When using these commands, it is very important to set up accurately defined coordinate values for their places of movement. For optimizing approximate calculations of vertical and horizontal G00 movements range bounding pre-rotation obstacles should be avoided. During G01, unobstructed paths must be provided throughout the entire movement and preset optimal feedrate values must be determined preemptively to ensure surface finish and maximize tool life. Keeping the machine units set to standardized ones (G20, G21) also avoids complications alongside regularly checking the machine calibration which ensures accuracy and repeatability during operation.
Applying G02 and G03 for Arc Creation
In complete G-code, arcs and circles can be created using G02 and G03. G02 indicates a clockwise (CW) arc while G03 indicates a counterclockwise (CCW) arc. Like the rest of the commands in G-code, they too rely on specific parameters to achieve accurate tool paths. Below is a compreshensive list of all the important parameters to achive setting both commands.
In the case of X and Y, these parameters bounds define the boundaries marking the end of the arc from the current position.
I and J (or R): Define the arc’s shape.
Along with I and J the parameters define the incremental distance to the center from the starting point of the arc in the X and Y direction respectively.
Alternatively, the R parameter can be used to specify the radius of the arc.
For Z, (if required) these 3D parameters bound define the current face of the Z axis.
F (Feed Rate): While undertaking G02 and G03, it is advised to set a certain speed for the moving part of the machine for enhanced results.
While working with G02 and G03 commands, it is important ta pay attention to minimum and maximum range of arcs for different machines. Correct plane selection also helps reduce fauls where G17 (XY Plane) G18 (XZ plane) and G19 (YZ plane) are associated with their sets. Attaching the parameters as specified within machine-tool tolerances, enables precision techniques for complex contours allowing lesser chances for wear and tear for the tool and reducing errors.
How Do Canned Cycles Enhance CNC Machining Efficiency?
G81 and Other Drilling Cycles Research
Canned cycles, like G81, optimize CNC machining by automating repetitive tasks, which simplifies program entry. A single cycle encompasses all drilling operations as long as parameters like depth, feed, and retraction level are set. Standardized processes promote efficiency, reduce the risk of operator errors, improve cycle time, and maintain uniform quality across different components. Moreover, modern CNC equipment enhances this capability by offering multiple canned cycles, such as G83 for peck drilling and G82 for counterboring. Expanded flexibility and enhanced processing of materials with different levels of machinability are additional benefits. All of these modifications, in the end, boost productivity while saving valuable resources in the context of high-accuracy manufacturing.
Working with Canned Cycles for Optimal Efficiency
Canned cycles enhance productivity in machining operations by automating routine operations like drilling, boring, and tapping. Pre-defined commands lessen the amount of text that needs to be inputted, leading to quicker execution times and less mistakes. If intricate techniques are regrouped this way, canned cycles will not only save time, but will guarantee their consistent application, which is crucial for large-scale and precise manufacturing endeavors.
G98 and G99 in the Canned Cycles
G98 and G99 are important commands in the focus turns that allow control of the tool retraction when it comes to operations like drilling. Both commands are important and their differences understood are necessary for optimizing machining processes. A description about the differences follows below:
The G98 command within a canned cycle allows the tool to retract to the initial plane set at the first in the cycle at the start of the operation after finishing at each hole.
G98 command within a canned cycle allows the tool to retract to the initial plane set at the first in the cycle at the start of the operation after finishing at each hole.
This is valuable for cases where retraction to the higher plane is needed such as clearance or avoiding obstacles when cutting traversing between cutting points.
Applicable for projects having higher levels surface or complex fixtures where additional clearance level above is needed is required.
Also, The G99 command retracts the tool merely to R, which is the defined clearance plane the no cut angle for that particular operation.
This option lowers the not operating cut movement by having the tool kept closer to the workpiece, thus improving cycle times, productivity, and efficiency.
Best suited for flat surfaces or setups where restricted clearance minimal is required between holes sufficed.
Machinists are able to customize cycles by appropriately making use of these commands enabling balance productivity and safety effectively.
What Are the Differences Between Fanuc and Haas CNC G-Code?
Comparison of G-Code Commands for Haas and Fanuc Systems
In the comparison of Fanuc and Haas CNC G-code systems, it is necessary to consider syntax and operational differences, as both use G-code as the primary programming language. However, subtle differences impact how machinists program and execute work.
Differentiation of Syntax:
Haas has less rigid command structures than Fanuc prompting entry level machinists to perform more advanced commands with relative ease. At the same time, basic commands require a higher level of precision, which tends to differ from system to system. For instance, while Haas uses “G28” for machine zero return, has a more flexible use of the command in context-sensitive dependancies.
Both systems use G-code as the primary CNC programming language. However, Fanuc machinists seem to have more complex operations with the use of set-phrases as Yoshiko Kubota puts it.
Capabilities in Canned Cycle Modification:
Machinists have a tighter grip on cutting specifications, especially with processes like G71 and G72 (roughing) and G73 (high speed drilling). This phrase structure is referred to as ‘substantial power’ in roughing.
Haas on the other hand, has more restrictions when it comes to canned cycles, namely user-friendliness instead of advanced control.
Inputing Criterial Parameters and Setting Defaults:
Every adjustable parameter on the equipment requires programming a user-defined value which is the case with Fanuc CNCs. This somewhat strict approach does mean a greater attention to detail, but less emergent creativity.
For Haas, most of the set parameters will not need additional programming done to them unless the user wishes to have programmatic control, thus making repeated activities quicker.
Error Handling and Diagnostics:
Diagnostic messages, while very specific, may be overwhelming to less experienced users. However, easier prompts to troubleshoot problems with the system are available, although they are not as user-friendly with regard to providing error information as Haas machines.
The differences between CNC systems serve to illustrate the maintenance needs a user might require. Advanced and large-scale operations might find consistency with using detailed control through Fanuc, however, small to mid-sized shops might be more user-friendly with a Haas system. These decisions highlight the gap between project complexity, skill of the machinists, and level of control versus ease of use needed.
Advantages of Using Fanuc for CNC Programming
Consistency is a well-known trait of Fanuc systems. The precision achieved through productive repetition in their running CNC processes results in disregarding even the most intricate designs. They are the logical choice within industries focused on maintaining consistent requirements throughout long production runs.
A key limitation to use of any CNC system is the non-standardized processes each of them requires, yet the degree of control offered allows for a high level of customization through user-tailored controls. Ample adjustment with regards to control customization elevates the value offered by Fanuc CNC systems, especially for advanced machining tasks.The suite of programming options offered by Fanuc is inclusive of G-code and macro programming along with advanced algorithm support. Such features makes it possible for machinists to carry out more complicated machining operations with ease.
Another aid to machine performance are the advanced monitoring systems that track productivity alongside machine health. Integrated diagnostic features also enable operators to resolve issues while maintaining machine performance.
Fanuc has a wide network of service centers which, together with the plethora of online resources, provide accessible assistance to users seeking to address operational problems. The corporation also offers an extensive range of technical support and training resources around the globe.
It does not matter if it’s large scale industrial plants or only small workshops, Fanuc CNC systems have energy-saving technologies designed specifically for them. The adaptability ensures sustained performance no matter how operational demands change.
Sustainable manufacturing practices are promoted due to the reduced power consumption Fanuc CNC systems have alongside their increased versatility.
Work smarter, not harder is the motto Fanuc aces through advanced robotics by integrating into smart manufacturers, which greatly improves operative efficiency as well as production on larger scales.
Due to all of the above reasons, Fanuc has become the preferred choice for precision-based CNC programming in virtually all industries and applications.
Researching Haas CNC Product Capabilities
Haas CNC machines are well-known regarding capability for boasting features oriented to meet the requirements of CNC routers, woodwork machinery, and power tools, among others. These machines are fitted with heavy-duty spindle systems that furnish high-speed machining, with spindle speeds going as high as 15,000 RPM on selected models, along with high accuracy and surface finish. In addition, the machines feature modern direct drive systems, which reduce vibration for superior machining precision.
Some of the features that set Haas apart include rapid traverse rates of 1,400 inches per minute, further reducing cycle times and increasing throughput. With the Automatic Tool Changers (ATC) with more than 50 tool positions, Haas can better serve complex manufacturing processes. In addition, G-code and other dynamic micro programming strategies including high-speed adaptive clearing and five-axis simultaneous motion are supported through user-friendly interfaces and customizable programming features.
Statistical performance metrics demonstrate the reliability of Haas machines, with average uptimes exceeding 98% under routine maintenance conditions alongside these metrics. This makes them dependable for most industries reliant on precision parts such as aerospace, medical, and automotive components manufacturing.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is G-Code in the context of CNC machines?
A: G-Code represents the commands given to CNC machines to instruct them of the movements to make and the operations they need to perform. It also governs the motion along the three axes, X, Y, and Z, as well as speed and tool changes. A firm grasp of G-Code is most crucial in part programming for machining centers.
Q: How does G86 differ from similar G-Codes like G81?
A: G86 is for performing tapping cycles, which requires the spindle to rotate at the maximum spindle speed set. G81 is for drilling and G86 does not allow rotation of the spindle at the same time tool moving down and disengaging motion is executed, hence protecting the workpiece and tool from damage.
Q: What is the purpose of the M30 code in G-Code programming?
A: M30 is the code signifying the end of the program in G-Code for CNC machines. It will stop the machine, rewind the program to the beginning, reset the control, and set for a new operation. This guarantees smooth continuity and transition between different sequences of machining.
Q: How is incremental programming mode used in CNC machines?
A: In incremental programming mode, the movements of the tool are programmed in relation to its current position, as opposed to a reference origin. This is particularly beneficial in machining centers because incremental shifting of tools can simplify the complex programming of parts without the need to resolve absolute positional calculations.
Q: Why is cutter compensation important in CNC machining, and how is it applied?
A: In CNC machining, Cutter compensation makes adjustments in the path where the tool is meant to travel according to the tool’s diameter. G41 selects cutter compensation left and G42 selects cutter compensation right. Also, these commands can be used to suspend this feature when it becomes unnecessary. This allows for greater accuracy in CNC machining.
Q: What is the purpose of chamfering in CNC machining?
A: In G-Code, tools are instructed to move in preset paths: commands are given to enable disengagement at machined edges or chamfers. For certain parts, precision edge finishing is needed which incorporates the bordering areas that have been crafted, thus chamfering is done. All these operations involve enhancing the contour shapes and perforating bolts or sleeves.
Q: How is determining the center of an arc done in CNC programming?
A: In a CNC program, the middle of the curves can either be set with a certain distance from the starting point, or through setting I, J, and K signifies center points pertaining a given start point. With these specifications, it is guaranteed that the movement to be accomplished by the tool guarantees attaining the curvature that is intended at the part that is worked on.
Q: What issues can be addressed while going through a tapping cycle in CNC machine tools?
A: While going through a tapping cycle, spindle speed that needs to be set, the type of tool that should be used and the material in use are some of the things that need to be dealt with carefully. The spindle alignment is corrected. The travel motion has to be properly managed so as to ensure that the cutting path is at the lower aperture of the hole within the accomplished frame defined by the tapping procedure.
Q: Can you give me two approaches regarding specifying tool paths in CNC Programming?
A: In CNC programming, tool paths can be specified using absolute coordinates, which reference a fixed origin, or incremental programming mode, where movements are defined relative to the current tool position. Each method helps in the execution of specific tasks related to machining depending on the complexity involved.
Reference Sources
- Novel Integration of CAPP in a G-Code Generation Module Using Macro Programming for CNC Application
- Authors: Trung‐Kien Nguyen, Lan Xuan Phung, N. Bui
- Publication Date: October 12, 2020
- Summary: This paper discusses the integration of a Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) system with a G-code generation module. The proposed system automates the recognition of machining features from 3D solid models and generates G-code without manual intervention. The study emphasizes the efficiency of the system in producing accurate G-code for various machining operations, enhancing the overall manufacturing process(Nguyen et al., 2020).
- Generating the Code Controlling the CNC Machine Tool for Shaping the Surfaces of Worms with a Circular Concave Profile by a Point Method
- Author: P. Boral
- Publication Date: 2022
- Summary: This article presents a method for forming helical surfaces with a circular concave axial profile using a point method. It includes the development of a code generation program for controlling a multi-axis CNC machine tool. The study emphasizes the importance of accurate code generation for improving the durability and efficiency of worm gears(Boral, 2022).
- Interpreting the G-code of Drilling Machining to Use in Open CNC Controller Machine
- Authors: Noor Hatem et al.
- Publication Date: 2021
- Summary: This paper analyzes drilling G-code to extract points before simulating and sending it to any open CNC controller machine. The study demonstrates that the extracted points are similar to the drawn drilling points in SolidWorks, showcasing the potential for open-source systems in CNC applications(Hatem et al., 2021).
