4130 steel is an aluminum steel that is used across different industries thanks to its high-yielding strength and low density. Its notoriety stems from its versatile use; whether it’s 4130 steel being utilized in the aerospace industry, automotive industry, or even being a part of structural components, it is indeed indispensable. But even with all this said, why are 4130 steels sighed as the ‘chromoly’ steel? In this article, we will look closely at the attributes and the inner workings of this material. We will analyze the chemical composition and the application of 4130 steel in different industries. If you are an engineer, a fabricator, or a person interested in modern alloys, this article will highlight everything you need to know and uncover the practical wonders of 4130 chromoly steel. Get ready to explore the intricate logic behind the most reliable alloys of engineering.
What are the Properties of 4130 Steel?
4130 Steel commonly referred to as Chromoly, is a low alloy steel that mainly consists of chromium and molybdenum. The following are the attributes of 4130 Steel:
- Chemical Composition: 4130 steel usually contains 0.28-0.33% carbon, 0.8-1.1% chromium, and 0.15-0.25% Molybdenum. Including smaller amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and Sulphur.
- Mechanical Properties: A pro of having 4130 Steel is its weight to strength ratio as 4130 possesses High tensile strength and good toughness. After undergoing heat treatment, durability and hardness increase which broadens the scope for applications of the steel even in the most demanding environments.
- Corrosion Resistance: The steel contains chromium, which makes it corrosion resistant to an extent, but for more demanding environments, it may require additional protective coatings.
- Workability: The flexibility during fabrication processes for 4130 steel is greater due to its great machinability and weldability.
- Applications: Commonly used in parts such as tubing, gears, frames, and so on for automobiles, structural purposes, and aerospace parts, which are expected to be under high stress.
All the above mentioned properties make 4130 Steel extensively used in multiple engineering as well as industrial environments.
Understanding the Chemical Composition of 4130
4130 steel is low-alloyed steel and is made from a designed combination of chemicals that offer strength, toughness, and workability, which is divided as this:
- Carbon (C): Steel has a destructive hardness and a great tensile strength. In 4130, the carbon content is approximately 0.28% to 0.33%, which ensures superior strength and ductility in balance.
- Chromium (Cr): With a value from 0.80% to 1.10%, chromium is necessary in order to improve corrosion resistance that enhances the toughness and wear-resistance at top levels.
- Molybdenum (Mo): Approximately 0.15% to 0.25% of 4130 steel improves its overall strength, performs well at elevated temperatures, and increases the steel’s ability to withstand pitting and cracking.
- Manganese (Mn): Manganese has a value of about 0.40% to 0.60%. It increases the steel’s deoxidation rate during production and thus improves hardenability.
- Silicon (Si): Limited to 0.15% to 0.35% ensures an overall increase in strength and a decrease in ductility.
- Small Traces of Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) below 0.040% of both elements offer protection from brittleness and allow good machinability.
As a result of the careful regulation of these chemical quantities, 4130 steel possesses admirable mechanical properties, thus making it a preferred choice for critical engineering and structural applications. These proportions can also be adjusted to further tailor the substance for more specific applications, which highlights the need for accurate alloy formulation.
Exploring the Mechanical Properties of 4130 Steel
4130 steel is highly valued for its strength, toughness, and versatility. 4130 steel’s competitive tensile strength, reaching from 90,000 to 110,000 psi, guarantees great load-bearing capacity. With good ductility, the material helps absorb stress before rupturing and has an elongation of approximately 10-15% in tensile testing. In addition, impact resistance makes 4130 steel highly durable, thus enabling its use in aviation and automotive components. Also, 4130 steel has good weldability and machinability, thus making it utilized in structural and engineering environments. All of these properties make 4130 solution-treated steel relevant in highly demanding structural and engineering environments.
Comparison with 4140 Steel
Both 4130 and 4140 are chromium-molybdenum alloy steels, but their characteristics and composition differ greatly, making them appropriate for different uses. Below is a comparison of some of the major characteristics:
Chemical Composition
- 4130 Steel: Comprises of approximately 0.30% of carbon, 0.8-1.1% of chromium, 0.15-0.25% of molybdenum, and 0.8-1.1% of manganese.
- 4140 Steel: Contains slightly elevated carbon concentration, delivering an estimation of 0.40%, together with 0.9-1.2% of chromium, 0.15-0.25% of molybdenum, and 0.7-1.0% of manganese.
Tensile Strength
- 4130 Steel: Roughly 560-740 MPa in a normalized state.
- 4140 Steel: Achieves greater values, with estimates in the range of 655-855 MPa for normalized steel due to the higher carbon content.
Hardness
- 4130 Steel: Usually has a Brinell hardness of around 197 in the annealed condition.
- 4140 Steel: Possesses higher hardness, attaining Brinell hardness around 197-229 in the annealed condition.
Weldability
- 4130 Steel: Very good weldability, often with little pre- and post-weld preparation necessary for thin parts.
- 4140 Steel: More difficult to weld, often requiring pre-heat and post-weld heat treatment to reduce cracking from high carbon content.
Machinability
- 4130 Steel: Convenient to machine; as it possesses low hardness, it can be used for engineering accuracy purposes.
- 4140 Steel: Difficult to machine, particularly when hardened or heat treated.
Application
- 4130 steel: Used in aerospace, bicycles, pressure vessels, and automotive construction because of its strength and ductility.
- 4140 steel: Used in high-tough gears, crankshafts, and tools where greater hardness and strength are required.
Cost
- 4130 steel: More economical owing to the low percent of alloying and processing requirements.
- 4140 steel: More expensive due to high alloy content and, therefore, better mechanical properties.
How Does Heat Treatment Affect 4130 Steel?
Methods of Annealing 4130 Steel
Workability improvement, internal stress reduction, and machinability enhancement to 4130 steel can be achieved by way of annealing heat treatment. These are the techniques used for annealing 4130 steel:
Full Annealing
- Warm the steel core uniformly to a temperature of 843°C and 871°C, while maintaining the surface in the range of 510°C to 540°C. This stage of the annealing process allows the steel to soften to a level of minimum ductility. Following this procedure the steel is gradually cooled to a temperature below 538°C. This step eliminates all internal stresses within the core and enables the surface of the core to have a maximum machinability grade.
Subcritical Annealing
- Higher temperature ranges of 650°C to 760°C brings forth the elimination of internal strains around the material, enhancing the post-work stress. In contrast to full annealing, subcritical annealing does not deformation phase temperature, but is highly effective in reducing strain around the worked area. For this reason it is often called process annealing.
Spheroidizing Annealing
- This enables the core of 4130 steel to be heated to 621°C and 677°C temperature for a more extended period of time to enhance ductility. The method results in formation of soft spheres of carbide substance within hard matrix of ferrite formed around the core to improve the machinability without significantly affecting alternative parts.
Isothermal Annealing
- In this form of annealing, the steel is subject to heating within the critical temperature range of 843-899 o C or 1550 – 1650 o F and subsequently cooled to an intermediate temperature before being cooled to room temperature. At the intermediate temperature, a phase transformation occurs after which the material is returned to room temperature. With this combination of treatments, toughness, and machinability are reasonably balanced.
These methods are used based on the specific requirements of the application, desired mechanical properties, and the condition of the material prior to treatment. Proper annealing prevents distortion, which allows the steel to be worked on further without losing its shape.
The Tempering Process: 4130 Steel
Making metal parts tougher is essential, and this stems from the need to maintain a balanced hardness level while improving a material’s toughness. This makes tempering an important heat treatment technique that helps improve the mechanical characteristics of 4130 steel, an alloy that has chromium and molybdenum as its main components. Typically, tempering is done after quenching to achieve this balance of toughness and hardness so as to improve the workmanship of the product. The general industry standard temperature for tempering 4130 steel is somewhere from 400 to 1300 °F (204 to 704 °C) and this temperature mainly depends on the desired final mechanical properties of the product.
When comparing higher and lower tempering temperatures, lower temperatures between 400-600 degrees Fahrenheit have been found to possess more surface durability, strength and wear resistance. Properties of steel that are crucial when looking for surface treatment applications. On the other hand, when the temperature is increased to 800°F and higher, these properties start to diminish. Steel needs to be toughened for parts that are subjected to impact forces and dynamic loads, especially in the aerospace and automotive sectors, and at these temperatures, toughness is improved and becomes more important.
Scientific literature have confirmed that with increasing temperature, the formability of a material changes. This means the tempering temperature directly correlates with a material’s strength and ductility. Toughened 4130 steel that is tempered at 1000°F is estimated to have around 110-120 ksi ultimate tensile strength which indicates that a significant amount of toughness is still present. Higher tempering results in higher energy being absorbed during Charpy tests, indicating that the material can endure more stress without fracturing.
Controlled tempering also reduces the levels of internal stresses caused by earlier heating processes, enhancing long-term dimensional stability. This process guarantees that 4130 steel maintains its integrity in sensitive applications such as roll cages, aircraft structures, and industrial tools for which performance materials are necessary.
What Happens During Normalizing 4130?
The normalizing process of 4130 steel encompasses heating the material within the 1600°F to 1700°F range and allows sufficient time for air cooling. This process develops finer grains within the structure and with it, adds value in the form of enhanced toughness and less internal stress. Normalizing enhances the machining of the material and conditions it for later stages of heat treatment by creating a relatively uniform microstructure. This increases the dependability and versatility of the 4130 steel in harsh operating environments.
What are the Machinability Characteristics of 4130 Alloy?
Techniques for Readily Machining 4130
To machine efficiently 4130 alloy steel, it is necessary to have proper techniques and considerations as it has medium carbon content and is combined with both chromium and molybdenum. Additonally, the use of appropriate tools, speeds, feeds, and coolant serves to enhance accuracy while also reducing tool wear.
Cutting Tools and Tooling Materials
Some of the commonly applied tools for machining 4130 using HSS are useful for general-purpose operations. However, carbide tools are more often used for increased tool performance. Carbide tooling has much greater hardness than a standard tool along with greater resistance to heat. This allows for ever greater cutting speeds and increases tool life when used under harsh conditions.
Cutting Speeds and Feeds
Best practices dictate that the cutting speed of 4130 is mostly based on the hardness and condition of the steel. For annealed 4130, commonly used are HSS tools, hence cutting speeds typically range from 90 to 120 SFM. While using carbide tools, one can achieve cutting speeds of up to 450 to 600 SFM. Rate of surface finish versus overall machining efficiency is a delicate tussle. Therefore, feed rates are usually recommended to be between 0.002 to 0.01 IPR.
Application of Coolants
Because of the heat generated in the course of machining, proper lubrication and cooling needs to take place. A water-based misting coolant or cutting fluid could be used in order to reduce thermal expansion and workpiece distortion as well as prolong tool life. This is even more important during high-speed or deep-cut operations.
Drilling and Tapping
Cobalt HSS or carbide-tipped drills are proposed for drilling operations on 4130 to ensure clean hole formations and durability. During tapping, sharp, quality taps manufactured with adequate lubrication instead of dry cut will alleviate some difficulties posed by the alloy’s toughness.
Post Machining
Components made from 4130 after machining might require deburrs, stress relief heat treatments, or surface finishings in order to meet application criterion. These steps allow the steel’s structural performance to be optimized as well as prepare it for application in aerospace, automotive, or industrial settings.
Using these techniques along with the advancements made in the tooling technology, a machinist is able to effectively remove the material without losing the integrity of the 4130 alloy which is critical for high performance applications.
Weldability and 4130 Steel: What You Need to Know
4130 steel has a low carbon content of about 0.30%, which makes it very weldable and lowers the chances of cracking while welding. It is advised to preheat the material before welding, anywhere between 300F and 400F (150 C TO 200 C). That effectively reduces thermal stress. After welding, stress-relieving heat treatment is carried out to regain ductility and make sure mechanical properties are even across the steel. Common welding for 4130 is done through TIG and MIG methods as they give more precision and control. The chance of weld defects can be reduced even further by using low-hydrogen filler material, ensuring strong and reliable joints are built for critical applications.
How to Enhance the Weldability of 4130 Steel?
Common Welding Techniques for 4130 Alloy
TIG Welding (Tungsten Inert Gas):
- TIG welding is the most effective and efficient means of welding 4130 alloys because it is highly precise while also remaining clean. This welding strategy employing a non-consumable tungsten electrode as well as an inert shielding gas such as argon helps prevent contamination during the welding process. There’s minimal contamination, and the welds are of excellent quality. This is a significant benefit for aerospace and automotive applications where structures must be strong. With TIG welding, fine controls of the heat input are possible which eliminates the risk of overheating as well as weakening the heat-affected zones of the alloy.
MIG Welding (Metal Inert Gas):
- MIG welding, on the other hand, is an excellent alternative to TIG because it is a relatively faster process while still assuring solid welded joints. This method is carried out using a gas-shielded consumable filler wire, most commonly argon or a mixture of argon with CO2. This ensures faster results without losing quality. MIG is most favorable with thinner sheets of 4130 steel hydroforming because it enables effective production processes. Research proves that lowering the amperage achieves the improved mechanical performance of the joints, and stress-induced during the welding is at a minimum.
Stick Welding (Shielded Metal Arc Welding):
- Somewhat unconventional for use when working with this alloy, stick welding does work when dealing with thicker portions. Stick welding does, however, require some measures of precaution such as making sure to use low-hydrogen stick welding electrodes to limit cracking. This method poses a risk of the joint losing its integrity and becoming brittle, which is why preheating to around 400°F (200°C) is necessary.
Laser Beam Welding:
- The use of a laser beam increases precision while simultaneously reducing the possibility of overheating, and for this reason, it is perfect for finer pieces of 4130. When welding structures that are thin walled or particularly intricate, a laser is ideal as it produces excellent fusion and distortion is kept to a minimum. Because the area surrounding the fusion has a low-temperature risk, the damage done to the alloy is restricted and further maintenance of the alloy after the welding is rarely necessary.
Electron Beam Welding:
- For projects that require extensive attention to detail, electron beam welding is a sound choice because it allows for high powered welds within a vacuum. It provides maximum control of the weld’s makeup for strength and durability, and is perfected for projects within the airplane manufacturing sector that require immaculate joints.
Controlling welding parameters is of utmost importance when attempting to achieve optimal results using any of these methods. Some of the methods considered are limiting the heat input, keeping the preheating temperature to a suitable level, and performing post-weld heat treatment with great care in an attempt to increase ductility and uniformity within the weld zone. One of these methods would include the use of a low hydrogen content filler material, which can drastically reduce the chances of cracking occurring and subsequently ensure a higher standard of consistency in these challenging applications.
Improving Weldability through Proper Heat Treatment
The proper use of heat treatment enhances the quality of welds due to the improvement of the material before and after the welding procedure. This is done via preheating, a process aimed at reducing the risks of cracking due to heightened thermal gradients which ensures a uniform distribution of temperature in the weld zone. Stress-relief annealing, a type of post-weld treatment, helps diminish residual stresses and enhance ductility. Toughness and the performance of the material is enhanced due to the refinement of its microstructure. The right choice of the treatment method is dependent on the base material, the process of welding, and the intended purpose, which makes preplanning a necessity to guarantee reproducible, good-quality welds.
Challenges and Solutions in Welding 4130 Steel
Like other steels, welding 4130 steel comes with its own sets of challenges, predominately due to the steel’s composition and mechanical structure, particularly its high chromium and molybdenum content. One should pay careful attention to these elements as they have the potential of weakening the welded structure or creating a host of other issues including cracking, imbalance of hardness, and general defects within the weld.
Challenges:
- Hydrogen Embrittlement: Under certain conditions, presence of hydrogen can lead to delay cracking in the heat-affected zones, especially in high stressed high- strength steels in the post-weld stage. 4130s hydrogen cracking are some of the most challenging and difficult issues vis-a-vis high strength steels.
- Thermal Cracking: For thin-walled parts cracking might occur due to rapid cooling rates of the weldment which are coupled with the martensitic transformation in HAZ.
- Residual Stresses: Welding thermal gradients can lead to an undesired high level of residual stresses, which can greatly affect the overall structure.
- Material Distortion: Deformation of welded structures can occur due to shrinkage stresses during cooling, making them particularly prone to welded thin-walled parts.
Solutions:
- Preheating: A prefemperature of 250 degree to 400 degree reduces the risk of distortion cooling and cracking. The exact temperature will always depend on the thickness of the steel as well as the complexity of the weld.
- Low Hydrogen Electrodes – By utilizing low hydrogen welding electrodes and implementing dry working conditions, the absorption of hydrogen in the weld can be controlled and the chances of hydrogen cracking can be greatly reduced.
- Controlled Cooling – After welding, it is desirable to control the cooling rates to avoid the development of brittle martensite microstructure. For 4130 steel welds, it is encouraged to cool in the air or slowly under an insulated blanket.
- Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) – Performing PWHT at about 1,050 F to 1,200 F eliminates some of those stresses. Specific types of annealing like stress-relief are done to improve some internal tensile stresses in large or complex weldments.
- Welding Technique Optimization – Components that are thin prefer to use TIG welding since it has a precise control over the heat input which reduces the chances of overheating and distortion.
Case Study Data:
The above theories were practically applied in the aerospace and motorsport sectors where a 4130 steel structure welds were fabricated. For instance, preheating followed by the PWHT reduced the hardness variation of the weld joints for up to 60% improving the overall fatigue strength. Furthermore, low hydrogen GTAW processes have been shown to decrease the amount of delayed cracking which improves long term reliability.
Identifying these barriers and applying the right solutions enables highly precise and reliable welding of 4130 steel to ensure its use in structural and performance demanding applications.
Where is 4130 Steel Widely Used?
Applications in the Aerospace Industry
Due to its incredible strength-to-weight ratio, weldability, and resistance to wear and fatigue, 4130 steel is used a lot in the aerospace industry. Below are some uses of 4130 steel in aerospace:
- Aircraft Fuselages: Fusolages bears immense stress, hence it has to be constructed from strong materials. 4130 steel’s lightweight property along with its incredible tensile strength makes it a perfect material for aircraft fusolages, improving aircraft efficiency.
- Control System Components: Precision-machined 4130 steel control rods and linkages can be employed into the aircraft’s structure with great reliability as they should perform well under stress.
- Propulsion System Mounts: The engine mounts are subjected to dynamic and static loads during operation. Because of this, 4130 steel’s high tolerence towards fatigue along with its strength makes it ideal for the engine and propulsion system mount.
- Landing Gear Components: Landing gear is one of the components of the aircraft that undergoes extreme impact and stress during load and take off cycles. Because of this, the toughness of the material with respect to impact greatly matters for the safe functionality of landing gear.
- Helicopter Rotor Shafts: The rotor shafts of a Helicopter are put under constant torsional stress, fatigue, and varying force loads while in continuous rotation. Because of this, 4130 steel is ideal for helicopter rotor shafts.
- Spacecraft Frames: The Aircraft’s dimensions are large, but the environment is quite overpowering from several angles. 4130 steel is strengthened and temperature tolerant at extreme conditions, making it a perfect material for spacecraft skin and structure.
According to research data, the application of 4130 steel in various aerospace components can improve the fatigue life of these components by 30-40% when compared to alternative materials, while also reducing the structural weight of the components by as much as 25%. Such advancements greatly improve the performance and efficiency of the components. These benefits justify its importance in contemporary aerospace engineering.
Utilization in Automotive Components
4130 steel is highly utilized in the production of automotive parts because of its high strength and durability, coupled with the ability to be welded. Its use is prevalent in the roll cages of cars, in the chassis structures, and in the suspension systems, where a high strength-to-weight ratio is absolutely essential. Also, its wear and fatigue resistance capability makes it suitable for components that are continuously subjected to dynamic loading, like drive shafts and control arms. These attributes enhance the safety, performance, and longevity of the vehicle.
Other Various Applications of 4130 Alloy
4130 alloy steel is known for its high adaptability and is used in many sectors, such as the aerospace and automotive industries. One major example is the manufacture of high-end bicycles, especially when it comes to the frames and the handlebars. Since this material is extremely strong and has a high degree of fatigue resistance, it is very useful during competitive cycling when the bicycle is put under a lot of stress. On top of this, its extreme machinability means that precise designs can be created.
One of the foremost uses is with respect to oil and gas industry 4130 alloy steel is the material of choice when manufacturing drill collars, pipes and several other important downhole tools. For such extreme environments, it is almost a requirement that the alloy steel resists some wear and corrosion along with enduring high pressures. A case in point is the components fashioned from this kind of steel, which data suggests can resist pressure rates above 10000 psi.
In addition, the alloy is employed in a range of sporting equipment especially those which require a high degree of performance like rock climbing gear and parts of firearms. The combination of both low weight and high impact resistance allows for additional durability. Such variegated usage of 4130 alloy underlines its importance as a significant material in the construction and design of modern industrial and recreational products.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is 4130 steel, and what are its main features?
A: 4130 steel is a type of alloy steel that is characterized by low carbon content and it can be also referred to as chromium-molybdenum steel. It is considered to be a special steel and it is grouped as low alloy steel. The AISI 4130 grade is well known because of its composition and properties. It is widely used for parts needing high strength as well as good weldability.
Q: What can you tell me about the spectrum of 4130 chromium-molybdenum steel?
A: 4130 chromium-molybdenum steel is categorized as one of the most versatile and high-strength alloys. Its key attributes also include toughness and excellent fatigue resistance. Furthermore, it provides superb welding ability and can be machined with relative ease. This alloy steel is effective at high temperatures while maintaining strength and demonstrates resistance to corrosion and oxidation.
Q: In terms of tensile strength, how does 4130 steel differ from carbon steel?
A: Both of them contain steel, however, 4130 steel is an alloy steel which includes chromium and molybdenum. Carbon steel on the other hand is mostly composed of iron and carbon. With the alloying elements added in 4130 steel, enhances the properties of steel by improving its strength, hardenability, and heat resistance which are often lacking in standard carbon steel.
Q: Is it possible to harden 4130 steel, and what is the method used in its hardening?
A: The hardness of steel 4130 can be altered through methods of heat treatment. Warm temperatures are used during the initial stage where the steel is complicated then once the desired hardness and strength is melted the steel is tempered. The cooling temperature of the steel during the process can be manipulated in order to alter the hardness.
Q: In which industry is 4130 steel most commonly used?
A: 4130 steel has numerous uses in industries due to its multifunctional attributes. Its common uses include but are not limited to parts of aircraft, engine mounts, oil and gas machinery, automobile parts, roll cages, and even bicycle frames. Additionally, it can also be found in parts that will be exposed to extreme weight while in use.
Q: How is the process of annealing implemented in regards to steel 4130?
A: Internally, the steel is gripping when exposed to weight which is why in order to ease the weight grips it must go through annealing. This thermic treatment method consists of heating the steel to an ideal temperature, remaining idle to allow the heat to sink in, and cooling down swiftly. Annealing can assist in achieving a sleeker composition of steel that is ready to undergo further shaping or cutting.
Q: What is the distinction between 4130 steel and 4140 steel?
A: 4130 and 4140 are both classified as chromium-molybdenum alloy steels, but the difference lies within 4140 steel which has a higher carbon content of 0.40% as compared to 0.30% in 4130. As a result, 4140 exhibits improved hardenability and strength capabilities, but at the same time has lower weldability traits compared to 4130. The decision of which to use is made relatively easy with defined criteria of application needs.
Q: In what way can you determine 4130 steel’s hardness?
A: In most instances, 4130 steel’s hardness is determined through the Rockwell hardness scale. The one being used here is set within specific parameters that come as a product of tempering and heat treatment. For example, in its annealed form, 4130 steel’s C scale Rockwell hardness measures at B80, whereas, during the quenched and tempered state, the range shifts tremendously to C35-C45.
Reference Sources
1. Influence of Post-Weld Heating Temperatures Microstructure, Corrosion, and Mechanics of Inconel 625 Weld Overlaid 4130 Steel
- Authors: LongLong Guo et al.
- Journal: Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention
- Published on: 2021-08-27
- Key Findings: In this paper different post weld heat treatment temperatures are applied to an Inconel 625 weld overlaid 4130 steel and its microstructure and strength are compared. The authors concluded that there is marked positive influence of intergranular corrosion resistance, as well as the mechanical properties, thus proving that there are optimal temperature ranges for performance enhancement.
- Method and research: The authors relied on photographs of steel microstructures and other heat treatments related to mechanical tests to determine how the differing temperatures influenced the composition of the treated steel (Guo et al., 2021, pp. 1775–1783).
2. Study of Effects of Additions of Rare Earth Elements on Solidification and Physics of 4130 Steel Target Material
- Author: R. Tuttle
- Journal: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
- Published: 2019-10-25
- Key Findings: This paper looks at the modification of rare earth addition and its effects on the solidification and mechanical attributes of 4130 steel. The research demonstrates that these additions have the ability to improve some aspects of the steel such as strength and ductility.
- Methodology: The assignment used experimental solidification methods and mechanical testing to evaluate the influence of rare earth elements on the characteristics of steel 4130(Tuttle, 2019, pp. 6720 – 6727).
3. Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Changes of Wire-arc Additive Remanufacture AISI 4130 Steel Components After Heat Treatment
- Authors: Kachomba, Talent
- Journal: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
- Date: 2024-04-30
- Key Findings: This paper investigates the effects of heat treatment on mechanical characteristic and microstructure of AISI 4130 steel components made by wire-arc additive manufacturing. Analysis indicated that the heat treatment increases the hardness and tensile strength of the printed parts.
- Methodology: The authors performed analysis of the microstructure and mechanical tests of the as built and heat treated samples in order to determine the changes in the properties(Kachomba et al., 24-2024).
4. Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of AISI SAE 4130 Steel Welded Joints Made by Robotic GMAW Process: Effect of Electrode Work Angle in ‘T’ Welded Joints
- Authors: Tesfaye Negash Wordofa et al.
- Journal: Materials Research Express
- Publication Date: June 1, 2024
- Key Findings: This document investigates the changes which occur at the microstructure level and the mechanical performance of AISI 4130 steel welded joints based on the electrode work angle during the welding process. The research addresses the deformation of the heat affected zone and the resultant joint strength of the welds performed at different working angles.
- Methodology: The project used X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy for characterization of the microstructure, as well as a series of mechanical tests on the welded joints for mechanical strength(Wordofa et al., 2024).
5. Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SAE 4130 Steel Obtained From Different Annealing Procedures
- Authors: Gabriela Deslandes Cardoso et al.
- Journal: ABM Proceedings
- Publication Date: 31, September 2024
- Key Findings: This work analyzes the influence of different annealing processes over the microstructure and mechanical properties of SAE 4130 steel. The data reveal that particular mechanical properties of the steel can be reached with the use of certain annealing treatments.
- Methodology: The authors employed metallurgical studies and mechanical tests to determine the variations in properties of the 4130 steel caused by different annealing processes(Cardoso et al., 2024).
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