The compound 1-Bromobutane, recognized by CAS number 109-65-9, is an organic substance employed in different sectors. It is an alkyl halide which is vital for organic synthesis, serving as a lead for the production of pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and specialty chemicals. Industries are in constant advancement so knowing the characteristics, uses, and safety measures of compounds such as 1-Bromobutane are fundamental in ensuring professionalism seeks efficiency while safeguarding health risks. This paper seeks to examine 1-Bromobutane and its chemical characteristics, uses, and necessary precautions regarding health and safety in its use. Researchers, chemical engineers, and safety officers will find this guide useful in understanding the issues at hand.
What is the synthesis procedure of 1-Bromobutane?
Explain the steps.
- Preparation Phase: Primary reagents for the synthesis reaction n-butanol, hydrobromic acid (HBr), and sulfuric acid ((H₂SO₄) sufuming turretthree, Pour)-concentrated these are form acids.
- Set Up Of The Reaction: Add n-butanol and hydrobromic acid in the reaction flask. Concentrated sulfuric acid should be added with great care, stepwise, to stir the reaction as well us catalyze it.
- Movement And Heating: Apply heat unto the reflux to the mix, is necessary for the automated boiling to action stay put during either the warming and reluxing, n-butanol should be turned into 1-bromobutane step must be kept closely monitor both equally not to assume any additional chemical reactions.
- Purification Phase: Dissolve 1-bromobutane during the out separable distillation circumductive fridge and retains sum of acids along concentrations are cuts off in hinges after distilled it dry with dry out agents, eosin such as calcium chloride.
- Remedial Work of the Distillation: Distillation must meet criterion of purity for 1-bromobutane aimed for the finish purpose, hence perform more final strip.
Typical reaction pathways in the synthesis of 1-bromobutane
- Free Radical Halogenation: This entails a simple halogen substitution reaction whereby a hydrogen atom on butane is replaced with a bromine atom. The reaction is initiated by the breaking of a bromine bond by heat or ultraviolet light. Radicals of bromine are created that bond with butane to convert it into 1-bromobutane (Br-chloroalkane). This strategy is not very precise and other isomers may form as unwanted by-products.
- Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2): A primary method employed in the production of 1-bromobutane. A 1-butanol is reacted with sodium bromide (NaBr) in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) whereby bromination takes place at the active site of alcohol -OH functional group. This reaction happens in one step, and is most suitable for producing 1-bromobutane.
Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into the steps that need to be taken in the synthesis of 1-bromobutane while still maintaining low levels of contaminants in the end product.
Essential factors related to safety during the preparation of 1-bromobutane synthesis:
- Ventilation: The workspace must be appropriately ventilated or a fume hood should be used to eliminate exposure to harmful vapors such as HBr gas.
- Protective Equipment: Put on the appropriate PPE like safety goggles or other eye protection, chemical resistant gloves, and lab coats for minimizing skin and eye contact with corrosive and poisonous materials.
- Reagent Handling: Caution should be exercised when using concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrobromic acid. Both are highly corrosive. Always remember to add acid to water instead of vice-versa, or else violent reactions may occur.
- Drugs must be neutralized if necessary, and disposed of according to local regulations.
Flammables must be kept away from open flames, and other means of fire control implemented. Only non-sparking tools should be used in the workspace.
How do chemical identifiers help in categorizing 1-Bromobutane?
Examining the CAS Number 109-65-9
CAS Number 109-65-9 is a specific numerical register that identifies 1-bromobutane. This number serves as its reference in various databases, industries, and even government institutions. The use of CAS numbers guarantees efficient exchange of information and minimizes ambiguity when discussing the compound. This system is useful for easier acquisition of the chemical, safety information documents, and legal requirements, as it serves as a universal identification for 1-bromobutane regardless of other substances that bear the same name.
Interpreting 1-bromobutane’s molecular weight and specific gravity
1-bromobutane is lighter than other organic compounds with a molecular weight of 137.02 g/mol. Its specific gravity is about 1.27 at 20°C, meaning it has a higher density than water. These features have practical significance because they affect the chemical’s reaction, as well as its storage needs.
The part played by chemical identifiers in the specification of 1-bromobutane.
In the industrial and scientific spheres, chemical identifiers are of great importance when it comes to the precise specification and classification of 1-bromobutane. Essential identifiers comprise the CAS Registry Number (CAS RN), molecular formula, and standardized representations of structures. The CAS Registry Number for 1-bromobutane is 109-65-9. It is a unique number that is accepted globally and can be utilized without contradiction for the compound in chemical databases and literature.
The molecular formula C4H9Br, portrays the ratio and quantity of the constituent atoms of the molecule, which also assist in outlining its composition. Moreover, specific nomenclature guidelines are followed within the chemical industry and research environment, thus, 1-bromobutane is its IUPAC name. Br and C4H9 are advanced electronic representations known as SMILES and InChI (1S/C4H9Br/c1-2-3-4-5/h2-4H2,1H3) respectively, which enable machine readability, hence, compatibility with computational modeling and data storage systems are provided.
By these identifiers, it is easy to understand that 1-bromobutane can be uniformly recognized, managed and applied in material synthesis, hazard management, and regulatory compliance controls, for example, with the international standards REACH and GHS. This greater ease in avoiding inconsistencies in global trade and scientific documentation is facilitated by the precision.
What are the risk and protective factors of 1-Bromobutane?
Recognizing possible risk factors of 1-bromobutane.
There are numerous potential threats posed by 1-bromobutane that stem primarily from its chemical and physical characteristics. It is considered highly flammable, and its vapors can form explosive mixtures with air. Skin, eye and throat exposure can be quite irritating. Chronic exposure could lead to central nervous system effects, such as light-headedness or sleepiness. To avoid danger, personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and goggles, must be utilized, as well as proper storage and ventilation protocols. For further instructions, the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) should always be consulted.
Suggested guidelines for container and storage.
When dealing with a volatile or hazardous material, only the appropriate containers should be selected in order to ensure safe handling and storage, in addition to strict storage protocols. Containers should be made of compatible, non-reactive materials like high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for less reactive substances and even stainless steel for more reactive substances. For example, flammable liquids must be stored within DOT and UN-certified containers. These containers must also have secure leak-proof seals to avoid the containers spilling or vapor leaking.
When storing items, special features such as the storage area being well-ventilated, dry, and cool need to be ensured. It is also necessary that there is no direct exposure to sunlight or any other heat sources. Moreover, stability in temperature needs to be maintained as a large number of chemicals would need a temperature range of 15 degrees celsius to 25 degrees celsius or in other words 59 degrees fahrenheit to 77 degrees fahrenheit. Flammable substances need to be kept in fireproof cabinets which are also properly grounded in order to eliminate chances of static fires. Also, the marked hazardous materials must be segregated by compatibility class in order to avoid highly dangerous chemical reactions alongside being clearly labeled, and kept at or below recommended volume limits to mitigate risks. These areas must be regularly inspected as failure to do so may lead to safety compliance issues and possible degradation or failure in containment.
Identifying the flash point and vapor hazards
A flash point is described as the minimum temperature a liquid would require to transform into gas in order to ignite when an ignition source is present. This factor is imperative for determining the flammability and deciding on proper handling techniques of a certain substance. When a volatile liquid releases vapors, vapor hazard is formed and when these vapors mix with air, it has the potential to become explosive. In order to minimize risks associated with flash point and vapor hazards, proper ventilation and storage guidelines need to be followed. Lastly, always check the material safety data sheets for elaborate directions on how to safely and properly handle and store.
In what ways does 1-Bromobutane react to different compounds?
1-Bromobutane’s reaction with hydrogen and other compounds:
Under the right conditions, 1-bromobutane can react with hydrogen gas to yield butane via a hydrogenation reaction. Catalysts like nickel or palladium alongside elevated temperatures and pressures are necessary for the process to occur within a reasonable time period. Also, 1-bromobutane is not limited to nucleophilic substitution with hydrogen; other substances can be used, such as hydroxide ions to yield butanol or cyanide ions which form butanenitrile; however, these reactions depend on the reaction medium and temperature which is why they are often done in polar aprotic solvents. These solvents increase reactivity and temperature. Handle the substances with care.
The use of 1-Bromobutane in Organic Synthesis:
1-bromobutane is widely used in organic synthesis because it is a powerful alkylating agent. Its utility stems from its tendency to undergo nucleophilic substitution, which allows it to serve as an intermediate in the synthesis of diverse organic compounds. For instance, 1-bromobutane displaces sodium ethoxide to yield ethyl butyl ether through an S\(_N\)2 mechanism often employed in ether synthesis. Likewise, 1-bromobutane gives butanenitrile with potassium cyanide, which is used to form amines and carboxylic acids opening the gates to the synthesis of pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds.
Insertion of butyl groups into longer alkyl chains is surfactant synthesis is one of the most useful applications of the chemical. Additionally, in polymer chemistry, algae Bromobutane serves amid fuctional monomer alkylating. The polymerist gets material with better properties of the resulting polymers.
Alkyl bromides such as 1-bromobutane have been proven by Statystical study to have a rection rate constant of around 10\^6 L.mol\^{-1}.s\^-1 at normal conditions and when exposed to some other nuceophiles. Both of these figures reflect the potency and productivityof the chemical in laboratory and industris contexts. It signifies value in compound diversification. The effect of delayd, like the type of solvent and heating, temperature affects the means particles are contained within these structures whereby raising the value, thus illustrating the need for well designed reactions.
Investigation of the Grignard Reactants Using 1-Bromobutane as the Precursor
The Grignard reagent is prepared from 1-bromobutane by reacting 1-bromobutane with magnesium in the presence of an ether solvent, commonly diethyl ether, which is anhydrous. This reaction produces butylmagnesium bromide, an important organometallic compound, Grignard reagents are extremely sensitive to moisture as water will hydrolyze them and destroy their utility. Magnesium must be present in a granular form to maximize the surface area available for reaction. The reaction is typically carried out at room temperature, it is also exothermic meaning that is releases more energy than is consumed which causes magnesium to be heated very quickly meaning that the 1-bromobutane must be slowly combated with magnesium to prevent overheating. Butylmagnesium bromide is an organomagnesium compound that is of great importance in organic and synthetic chemistry since it is used to construct carbon to carbon bonds.
Where to look for further details: Check out the references for 1-Bromobutane.
Trusted sites for 1-bromobutane CAS data and specification.
- Pubchem (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/): A primary, complete source of information with accessible CAS numbers and various details for the 1-bromobutane compound, including its chemical features as well as the hazard information.
- Sigma Aldrich (https://www.sigmaalrich.com): One provides accepted specifications and also offers the CAS number along with material safety data sheet of the laboratory grade 1-bromobutane.
- CAS Registry (https://www.cas.org): Primary provider for the right CAS numbers as well as other relevant data of the compounds.
- Chem Spider (http://www.chemspider.com): The repository of chemical information including CAS numbers and compound specification is trusted.
These sources are reliable, accurate and relevant since they are frequently updated.
Investigating 1-Bromobutane’s entry in Merck Index
The Merck Index serves as a quick but accurate source of information of 1-Bromobutane capably handles its summary formulation and structure C4H9Br, molecular weight of 137.02 g/mol as well as providing most of the important physical features including its boiling point and density. They provide safety classifications and the relevant information about the synthesis and also the primary uses of the compound 1-bromobutane in various industries. Kindly refer to the index for further detail but ensure accuracy and access the latest version for the most current data.
More on the uses and n-butyl bromide.
n-butyl bromide (1-bromobutane) is regularly used as a primary building block in organic chemistry. It is used as an alkylating agent in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, agricultural chemicals, and other organic chemicals. It is also useful in the synthesis of biochemistry important quaternary ammonium salts because of its utility in the chemical industry. Moreover, n-butyl bromide is also useful in some scientific investigations, especially in the design and study of new chemical reactions. For more reliable and accurate information, consult the primary literature or authoritative databases like the CAS Registry or ChemSpider.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: What is 1-Bromobutane and what are its main synonyms?
A: Identified by its CAS number of 109-65-9, 1-bromubutane has been characterized as an organic compound that can also go by the names butyl bromide and n-Butylbromide. With an EC Number of 203-691-9 this compound is often used as an alkylating agent to facilitate organic synthesis. Its linear structure corresponds to the formula: CHBr. When in standard conditions it exists as a colorless to pale liquid.
Q: What are the physical properties of 1-bromobutane?
A: As a liquid at room temperature, the appearance of 1-bromoethane is colorless. Its molecular mass is relatively sizable at about 137.02 g/mol with a purity of over 98%. The melting point is expected to be -112 while it has a boiling point of 101-102 degrees C. While This compound is insoluble in water, it is soluble in organic solvents such as hydrocarbons, alcohol, and ethers. It’s flashpoint is around 65 degrees F (18 degrees C) meaning it’s easy to ignite.
Q: What are the main applications of 1-bromobutane?
A: In the field of chemistry, 1-bromobutane finds its best application as an alkylating agent in organic chemical synthesis. This compound makes it easier to manufacture organometallic compounds such as Grignard reagents. The compound is also used as an intermediate in the synthesis of specialty chemicals including pharmaceuticals and agro-monicals. This compound can also be used in the lab for nucleophilic substitution reactions and can be used in minute quantities in other applications as a solvent.
Q: How does 1-Bromobutane react with Hydrogen Atoms?
A: Various studies have reported on the rate coefficient for 1-bromobutane’s reaction with hydrogen atoms. This reaction usually involves hydrogen abstraction from various locations of the bromobutane molecule. It has been shown that the reaction can proceed via different pathways depending on conditions, the bromine atom is a good leaving group in many reactions, and so this reactivity makes it useful in organic synthesis applications.
Q: What are the safety measures when dealing with 1-bromobutane?
A: Appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye protection, and lab coat must be worn when dealing with 1-bromobutane. Inhalation of vapors should be avoided, as well as working in places without fume hoods. Clothing that has been exposed should be removed immediately. Because 1-bromobutane is highly flammable, put away from heat sources and open flames. In case of fire, use a dry chemical, CO₂, or alcohol-resistant foam extinguishers. The chemical should be stored in areas that are cool and well-ventilated, but away from incompatible materials.
Q: Which materials cannot be mixed with 1-bromobutane?
A: Strong bases, strong oxidizing factions, and some metals pose conflicts with 1-bromobutane. Its reactions with strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide or potasium hydroxide, will be very violent. It is also offensive to other agents that may cause the compound to oxidize. When carrying out chemical reactions involving 1-bromobutane, it is very important to assess any potential incompatibilities to avoid adverse reactions resultant from unexpected events.
Q: In what ways does 1-bromobutane differ from other alkyl bromides such as 2-bromopropane?
A: Both alkyl bromides 1-bromobutane (n-butyl bromide) and 2-bromopropane have different structures and reactivities. 1-bromobutane has a chlorinated terminal of a four carbon chain aliphatic while 2-bromopropane has bromine on a secondary carbon of a three carbon chain. Because of relatively low steric hindrance compared to 2-bromopropane, 1-bromobutane is generally more reactive in SN2 reactions. However, under certain conditions, 2-bromopropane may more easily participate in elimination reactions.
Q: What actions should be taken for first aid in case of exposure to 1-bromobutane?
A: In case there is a skin contact, wash the affected area with soap and water for at least 15 minutes and remove clothing that may be contaminated. With regard to eye contact, rinse the eyes cautiously with water for several minutes. If there is an inhalation, the person should be moved to a fresh area. In case of ingestion do NOT induce vomiting, but seeking immediate medical help is necessary. Some symptoms due to exposure may be irritation of the eyes skin and respiratory tract along with headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and in some cases, fainting. For cases with extreme significant exposure, in all occasions, medical help should be sought without delay. 둮Given the scope of harm from exposure, it is reasonable to get medical help as soon as possible.
Q: What is the procedure for disposal and storage of 1-bromobutane?
A: 1-bromobutane should be stored in a cool enclosed, dry, and ventilation free area including heat ignition sources separated by inappropriate materials along with doors, windows and tampered with. When not in use the containers should be kept tightly closed. In terms of disposal, this compound classifies as hazardous waste which means it should not be disposed of through the general trash or paved through drains. It is instead best to seek help from professionals licensed to dispose of waste. They will also follow set regional state and central regulations, spending the propriety material. Used and unused containers are also capable of keeping waste residues and therefore very products should be deemed as dangerous.
Reference Sources
- Title: Microwave spectrum of 1-bromobutane
Authors: Jihyun Kim, Heesu Jang, Soohyun Ka, D. Obenchain, R. Peebles, S. Peebles, J. Oh
Journal: Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy
Publication Date: 2016-10-01
Citation Token: (Kim et al., 2016, pp. 50–58)
Summary: With this study comes the analysis of the microwave spectrum of 1-bromobutane with respect to its molecular structure and rotational transitions of the microwave spectrum. The authors made use of the microwave spectroscopy technique by analyzing the given rotational spectra which enabled them to evaluate the molecular parameters of 1-bromobutane. The knowledge helps in deepening the understanding of molecular dynamics as well as other interactions of this particular compound in different settings. - Title: Densities and Viscosities of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of (Nitrobenzene + 1-Bromobutane), (1-Bromobutane + Methylcyclohexane), (Nitrobenzene + Methylcyclohexane), and (Methylcyclohexane + Nitrobenzene + 1-Bromobutane) from (293.15 to 308.15) K
Authors: S. Ranjbar, Seyyed Hamid Momenian
Journal: Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Publication Date: 2011-09-15 (not within the last 5 years, but relevant)
Citation Token: (Ranjbar & Momenian, 2011, pp. 3949–3954)
Summary:This document analyzes the densities and viscosities of different mixtures that include 1-bromobutane. The authors scrutinized the physical parameters’ behaviors of these mixtures across varied temperatures, then evaluated excess molar volumes using the Redlich-Kister equation. This work is important for understanding the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures, which is crucial for chemical engineering and process design, providing useful information for further research. - Title: Phase Behavior, Densities, and Isothermal Compressibility of Carbon Dioxide + 1-Bromobutane, Carbon Dioxide + 1-Chlorobutane, and Carbon Dioxide + 1-Methylimidazole
Authors: Xiaoting Chen, Yucui Hou, Weize Wu, Shuhang Ren, Jianwei Zhang, Jinlong Fan
Journal: Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Publication Date: 2010-01-14 (not within the last 5 years, but relevant)
Citation Token: (Chen et al., 2010, pp. 385–399)
Summary:The work assesses the phase behavior and critical characteristics of 1-bromobutane and carbon dioxide binary mixtures. The authors used a high-pressure variable-volume view cell to determine densities and isothermal compressibility which helps in understanding the interactions of the species under different conditions. The results are useful in supercritical fluid extraction processes and other chemical engineering operations. - Liquid
- Solution (chemistry)
